Front cover

Expert Consult

Essentials of Radiology

Copyright page

Preface

Acknowledgments

Table of Contents

1 Introduction

An Approach to Image Interpretation

X-ray

Computed Tomography

Ultrasound

Nuclear Medicine

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Hybrid Imaging

Suggested Textbooks and Website

General Radiology

Nuclear Medicine

Ultrasound

Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance

Appropriateness Criteria for Ordering Studies

2 Head and Soft Tissues of Face and Neck

Skull and Brain

The Normal Skull and Variants

Brain

Normal Anatomy

Intracranial Calcifications

Headache

Hearing Loss

Head Trauma

Suspected Intracranial Hemorrhage

Pneumocephalus

Hydrocephalus

Transient Ischemic Attack

Stroke

Intracranial Aneurysm

Primary Brain Tumors and Metastases

Vertigo and Dizziness

Suspected Intracranial Infection

Multiple Sclerosis

Dementia and Slow-Onset Mental Changes

Seizures

Psychiatric Disorders

Face

Sinuses and Sinusitis

Facial Fractures

Zygoma

Nasal

Orbital

Le Fort Fractures of the Face

Mandible

Soft Tissues of the Neck

Epiglottitis

Retropharyngeal Abscess

Subcutaneous Emphysema

Thyroid

Parathyroid

Suggested Textbooks on the Topic

3 Chest

The Normal Chest Image

Technical Considerations

Exposure

Male Versus Female Chest

Posteroanterior Versus Anteroposterior Chest X-rays

Upright Versus Supine Chest X-rays

Inspiration and Expiration Chest X-rays

Chest X-ray Versus Rib Technique

Normal Anatomy and Variants

Hila and Lungs

Diaphragms

Bony Structures

Soft Tissues

Computed Tomography Anatomy

The Abnormal Chest Image

Admission, Preoperative, and Prenatal Chest X-rays

Chest X-ray Examinations in Occupational Medicine

Silhouette Sign

Portable Chest Radiography in the Intensive Care Unit

Tubes, Wires, and Lines

Endotracheal Tube

Nasogastric Tube

Jugular or Subclavian Venous Line

Swan-Ganz or Pulmonary Artery Catheter

Pleural Tubes

Cardiac Pacers and Defibrillators

Overlying Electrocardiogram Wires and Tubes

Trauma

The Airways

Occlusion

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Asthma

Bronchiectasis

Atelectasis

Blebs and Bullae

Air-Space Pathology

Infiltrates and Pneumonias

Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Adults

Pneumonia in Immunocompromised Patients

Aspiration Pneumonia

Tuberculosis

Fungal Lesions

Lung Abscess

Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Chronic Interstitial Lung Diseases

Bioterrorist Agents

Hemoptysis

Lung Cancer and Nodules

Solitary Pulmonary Nodule

Screening for Lung Cancer

Lung Cancer

Hilar Enlargement

Metastatic Disease

Hypertension

Chest Pain and Dyspnea

Congestive Heart Failure and Pulmonary Edema

Pleural Pathology

Pneumothorax

Pneumomediastinum

Subcutaneous Emphysema

Pleural Effusions

Empyemas

Pleural Calcification and Pleural Masses

Mediastinal Lesions

Masses

Diaphragm

Diaphragmatic Rupture

Suggested Textbooks on the Topic

4 Breast

Imaging Methods

Interpretation and Workup

Screening

Suggested Texbook on the Topic

5 Cardiovascular System

Normal Anatomy and Imaging Techniques

Evaluation of the Cardiac Silhouette

Generalized Cardiomegaly

Left Atrial Enlargement

Left Ventricular Enlargement

Aortic Stenosis and Insufficiency

Pulmonary Artery Enlargement

Congenital Cardiac Disease

Pulmonary Embolism

Ischemic Cardiac Disease

Congestive Failure

Coronary Artery Disease and Angina

Computed Tomography Coronary Artery Screening and Calcium Scoring

Myocardial Infarction

Aorta

Anatomy and Imaging Techniques

Coarctation of the Aorta

Aortic Tears

Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms

Aortic Dissection

Peripheral Vessels

Head and Neck

Abdominal Aorta and Iliac Vessels

Renal Artery Stenosis and Hypertension

Deep Venous Thrombosis

Workup of Claudication

Suggested Textbooks on the Topic

6 Gastrointestinal System

Introduction

Imaging Techniques and Anatomy

Pneumoperitoneum

Intra-abdominal Abscesses and Fever of Unknown Origin

Feeding Tubes

Abdominal Calcifications

Acute Abdominal Pain

Acute Gastroenteritis

Abdominal Masses

Esophagus

Anatomy and Imaging Techniques

Dysphagia and Odynophagia

Esophageal Diverticula

Presbyesophagus

Hiatal Hernia and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Foreign Bodies in the Esophagus

Strictures and Dilatation

Esophagitis and Tears

Varices

Tumors

Stomach and Duodenum

Anatomy and Imaging Techniques

Gastritis and Gastric Ulcer Disease

Duodenal Ulcers

Gastric Emptying

Gastric Dilatation or Outlet Obstruction

Liver

Cirrhosis and Alcoholic Liver Disease

Trauma

Hepatic Tumors

Hepatic Cysts

Hepatitis

Hepatic Abscess

Gallbladder and Biliary System

Anatomy and Imaging Techniques

Acute Cholecystitis

Chronic Cholecystitis and Cholelithiasis

Biliary Obstruction and Jaundice

Pancreas

Pancreatitis and Complications

Tumor

Spleen

Splenomegaly

Trauma

Small Bowel

Obstruction Versus Ileus

Benign Diseases

Tumors

Colon

Colonic Obstruction Versus Paralytic Ileus

Appendicitis

Diverticulosis and Diverticulitis

Ulcerative Colitis

Crohn’s Disease

Ischemic Colitis

Infectious Colitis

Pneumatosis

Polyps

Colon Carcinoma

Gastrointestinal Bleeding

Volvulus

Suggested Textbooks on the Topic

7 Genitourinary System and Retroperitoneum

Anatomy and Imaging Techniques

Kidneys

Congenital Abnormalities

Renal Cysts

Hematuria

Renal Stone Disease

Renal Failure

Pyelonephritis and Renal Infections

Renal Trauma

Renal Tumors

Renal Artery Stenosis

Obstruction of the Renal Collecting System

The Ureter

Bladder

Anatomy and Imaging Techniques

Trauma

Incontinence

Neurologic Abnormalities

Infections

Tumors

Prostate and Scrotum

Anatomy and Imaging Techniques

Testicular Pain and Masses

Female Pelvis

Anatomy and Imaging Techniques

Infertility

Vaginal Bleeding

Ectopic and Intrauterine Pregnancy

Radiation During Pregnancy

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

Pelvic Pain and Masses

Tumors

Adrenal Glands and Retroperitoneum

Adrenal Glands

Retroperitoneal Adenopathy and Neoplasms

General Textbooks on the Topic

8 Skeletal System

Introduction

Cervical Spine

Normal Anatomy

Trauma

Degenerative Changes

Thoracic Spine

Anatomy

Trauma

Degenerative Changes

Lumbar Spine

Normal Anatomy and Imaging Techniques

Postsurgical Changes

Fractures

Degenerative Changes

Management of Low Back Pain

Infections

Spinal Neoplasms and Metastases

Unusual Lesions

Osteoporosis and Bone Mineral Measurements

Shoulder and Humerus

Normal Anatomy and Imaging

Trauma

Fractures

Acromioclavicular Separation

Dislocations

Shoulder Pain and Degenerative Changes

Tumors

Infection

Elbow

Normal Anatomy and Imaging

Trauma

Forearm

Trauma

Hand and Wrist

Normal Anatomy and Imaging

Wrist Pain

Trauma

Hand

Normal Anatomy and Imaging

Trauma

Infection

Arthritis

Tumors

Pelvis

Normal Anatomy and Imaging

Trauma

Benign Lesions

Malignant Lesions

Hip

Hip Pain

Trauma

Femur

Normal Anatomy

Benign Lesions

Malignant Lesions

Periosteal Reaction

Myositis Ossificans

Knee

Normal Anatomy

Knee Pain and Degenerative Changes

Trauma

Arthritis

Tumors

Tibia and Fibula

Normal Anatomy

Trauma

Tumors

Ankle

Normal Anatomy

Trauma

Benign Nontraumatic Abnormalities

Foot

Trauma

Degenerative and Arthritic Conditions

Diabetes and Complications

Pediatric Musculoskeletal Imaging

Skull

Anatomy

Trauma

Spine

Upper Extremity

Humerus

Elbow

Forearm, Wrist, and Hand

Pelvis and Hips

Lower Extremities

Suggested Textbooks on the Topic

9 Nonskeletal Pediatric Imaging

Head

Imaging Techniques

Trauma

Childhood Seizures

Neck

Croup and Epiglottitis

Chest

Normal Anatomy and Imaging

Foreign Bodies

Tubes and Lines

Respiratory Disease in the Newborn

Bronchiolitis, Reactive Airway Disease, and Pneumonia

Asthma

Cystic Fibrosis

Pediatric Abdominal Imaging

Esophageal Fistula

Acute Gastroenteritis

Bowel Obstruction

Necrotizing Enterocolitis

Meckel’s Diverticulum

Neonatal Jaundice

Abdominal Masses

Appendicitis

Rectal Bleeding

Urinary Abnormalities

Suggested Textbooks and Website on the Topic

Appendix

Index

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Z

Clinical Key