Chapter
Phase 4: Final Structural and Functional Maturation of Eggs and Sperm
Preparation of the Female Reproductive Tract for Pregnancy
Ovaries and Uterine Tubes
Hormonal Control of the Female Reproductive Cycle
Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)
Reproductive Target Tissues
Hormonal Interactions with Tissues during Female Reproductive Cycles
Hormonal Interactions Involved with Reproduction in Males
2 Transport of Gametes and Fertilization
Ovulation and Egg and Sperm Transport
Formation and Function of the Corpus Luteum of Ovulation and Pregnancy
Penetration of the Corona Radiata
Attachment to and Penetration of the Zona Pellucida
Binding and Fusion of Spermatozoon and Egg
Metabolic Activation of the Egg
Decondensation of the Sperm Nucleus
Completion of Meiosis and the Development of Pronuclei in the Egg
What is Accomplished by Fertilization?
3 Cleavage and Implantation
Molecular, Genetic, and Developmental Control of Cleavage
X-Chromosome Inactivation
Developmental Properties of Cleaving Embryos
Experimental Manipulations of Cleaving Embryos
Embryo Transport and Implantation
Transport Mechanisms by the Uterine Tube
Implantation into the Uterine Lining
Embryo Failure and Spontaneous Abortion
4 Molecular Basis for Embryonic Development
Fundamental Molecular Processes in Development
Homeobox-Containing Genes and Homeodomain Proteins
Other Homeobox-Containing Gene Families
Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors
Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins
Zinc Finger Transcription Factors
Transforming Growth Factor-β Family
Fibroblast Growth Factor Family
Other Actions of Signaling Molecules
Developmental Genes and Cancer
5 Formation of Germ Layers and Early Derivatives
Gastrulation and the Three Embryonic Germ Layers
Regression of the Primitive Streak
Notochord and Prechordal Plate
Induction of the Nervous System
Early Formation of the Neural Plate
6 Establishment of the Basic Embryonic Body Plan
Development of the Ectodermal Germ Layer
Neurulation: Formation of the Neural Tube
Segmentation in the Neural Tube
Morphological Manifestations of Segmentation
Mechanisms of Early Segmentation of the Neural Tube
Segmentation in the Hindbrain Region
Formation and Segmentation of the Spinal Cord
Sensory Placodes and Secondary Inductions in the Cranial Region
Development of the Mesodermal Germ Layer
Basic Plan of the Mesodermal Layer
Formation of Individual Somites
Organization of the Somite and the Basic Segmental Body Plan
Extraembryonic Mesoderm and the Body Stalk
Early Stages in the Formation of the Circulatory System
Development of the Endodermal Germ Layer
Basic Structure of a 4-Week-Old Embryo
Derivatives of the Embryonic Germ Layers
7 Placenta and Extraembryonic Membranes
Formation of Chorionic Villi
Establishing the Uteroplacental Circulation
Gross Relationships of Chorionic and Decidual Tissues
Formation and Structure of the Mature Placenta
Structure of the Mature Placenta
Structure of a Mature Chorionic Villus
Placental Hormone Synthesis and Secretion
Placenta and Membranes in Multiple Pregnancies
8 Developmental Disorders:
Periods of Susceptibility to Abnormal Development
Patterns of Abnormal Development
Abnormal Chromosome Numbers
Abnormal Chromosome Structure
Sedatives and Tranquilizers
Retinoic Acid (Vitamin A)
Developmental Disturbances Resulting in Malformations
Duplications and Reversal of Asymmetry
Faulty Inductive Tissue Interactions
Absence of Normal Cell Death
Failure of Tube Formation
Disturbances in Tissue Resorption
Destruction of Formed Structures
Hypoplasia and Hyperplasia
Effects Secondary to Other Developmental Disturbances
II Development of the Body Systems
9 Integumentary, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems
Immigrant Cells in the Epidermis
Epidermal Differentiation
Dermal-Epidermal Interactions
Vertebral Column and Ribs
Determination and Differentiation of Skeletal Muscle
Muscle Transcription Factors
Muscles of the Trunk and Limbs
Muscles of the Head and Cervical Region
Anomalies of Skeletal Muscles
Initiation of Limb Development
Regulative Properties and Axial Determination
Mesoderm of Early Limb Bud
Structure and Composition
Mesodermal-Ectodermal Interactions and the Role of Mesoderm in Limb Morphogenesis
Zone of Polarizing Activity and Morphogenetic Signaling
Morphogenetic Control of Early Limb Development
Control of Proximodistal Segmentation
Molecular Signals in Limb Development
Cell Death and Development of Digits
Development of Limb Tissues
Establishment of the Nervous System
Early Shaping of the Nervous System
Histogenesis Within the Central Nervous System
Proliferation Within the Neural Tube
Cell Lineages in Histogenesis of the Central Nervous System
Fundamental Cross-Sectional Organization of the Developing Neural Tube
Craniocaudal Pattern Formation and Segmentation
Patterning in the Hindbrain and Spinal Cord Regions
Patterning in the Midbrain Region
Patterning in the Forebrain Region
Peripheral Nervous System
Structural Organization of a Peripheral Nerve
Patterns and Mechanisms of Neurite Outgrowth
Neurite-Target Relations During Development of a Peripheral Nerve
Factors Controlling Numbers and Kinds of Connections Between Neurites and End Organs in the Peripheral Nervous System
Sympathetic Nervous System
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Differentiation of Autonomic Neurons
Congenital Aganglionic Megacolon (Hirschsprung’s Disease)
Later Structural Changes in the Central Nervous System*
Histogenesis Within the Central Nervous System
Ventricles, Meninges, and Cerebrospinal Fluid Formation
Development of Neural Function
Developmental History of the Neural Crest
Origin, Induction, and Specification
Epitheliomesenchymal Transformation and Emigration from the Neural Tube
Neural Crest Cell Migration
Differentiation of Neural Crest Cells
Major Divisions of the Neural Crest
Circumpharyngeal Neural Crest
Early Events in the Establishment of the Eye
Retina and Other Derivatives of the Optic Cup
Vitreous Body and Hyaloid Artery System
Eyelids and Lacrimal Glands
Development of the Inner Ear
Development of the Middle Ear
Development of the External Ear
Early Development of the Head and Neck
Tissue Components and Segmentation of Early Craniofacial Region
Fundamental Organization of the Pharyngeal Region
Establishing the Pattern of the Craniofacial Region
Cellular Migrations and Tissue Displacements in the Craniofacial Region
Development of the Facial Region
Formation of the Face and Jaws
Temporomandibular Joint and Its Relationship with the Jaw Joint of Lower Vertebrates
Formation of the Nose and Olfactory Apparatus
Formation of the Salivary Glands
Patterning of the Dentition
Stages of Tooth Development
Tissue Interactions in Tooth Development
Formation of Dentin and Enamel
Tooth Eruption and Replacement
Development of the Pharynx and Its Derivatives
External Development of the Pharyngeal Region
Internal Development of the Stomodeal and Pharyngeal Regions
Pharynx and Pharyngeal Pouches
Thymus and Lymphoid Organs
15 Digestive and Respiratory Systems and Body Cavities
Formation of the Esophagus
Development of the Spleen
Formation of the Intestines
Partitioning of the Cloaca
Histogenesis of the Intestinal Tract
Formation of Enteric Ganglia
Glands of the Digestive System
Development of Hepatic Function
Formation of the Pancreas
Formation of the Trachea and Bronchial Tree
Stages in Lung Development
Embryonic Stage (Weeks 4 to 7)
Pseudoglandular Stage (Weeks 8 to 16)
Canalicular Stage (Weeks 17 to 26)
Terminal Sac Stage (Weeks 26 to Birth)
Formation of the Common Coelom and Mesentery
Formation of the Septum Transversum and Pleural Canals
Formation of the Diaphragm
Early Forms of the Kidney
Later Changes in Kidney Development
Formation of the Urinary Bladder
Genetic Determination of Gender
Specification of Germ Cells, Migration into the Gonads, and Entry into Meiosis
Establishment of Gonadal Gender
Origin of the Gonads and Adrenal Cortex
Differentiation of the Testes
Differentiation of the Ovaries
Indifferent Sexual Duct System
Sexual Duct System of Males
Sexual Duct System of Females
External Genitalia of Males
External Genitalia of Females
Development of Blood and the Vascular System
Cellular Aspects of Hematopoiesis
Hemoglobin Synthesis and its Control
Formation of Embryonic Blood Vessels
Development of the Arteries
Aorta, Aortic Arches, and Their Derivatives
Major Branches of the Aorta
Vitelline and Umbilical Veins
Development of Lymphatic Channels
Development and Partitioning of the Heart
Early Development of the Heart
Early Atrioventricular Partitioning of the Heart
Later Partitioning of the Heart
Separation of the Atria from the Ventricles
Partitioning of the Atria
Repositioning of the Sinus Venosus and the Venous Inflow into the Right Atrium
Partitioning of the Ventricles
Partitioning of the Outflow Tract of the Heart
Initiation of Cardiac Function and the Conducting System of the Heart
18 Fetal Period and Birth
Growth and Form of the Fetus
Fetal Lungs and Respiratory System
Fetal Movements and Sensations
Endocrine Function in the Fetus
Adaptations to Postnatal Life
Circulatory Changes at Birth
Lung Breathing in the Perinatal Period
Answers to Clinical Vignettes and Review Questions
Human Embryology and Developmental Biology
Disclaimer: Any content in publications that violate the sovereignty, the constitution or regulations of the PRC is not accepted or approved by CNPIEC.
