Hypertension and Kidney Disease - ECAB

Author: Tiwari> Suresh C  

Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences APAC‎

Publication year: 2012

E-ISBN: 9788131231975

P-ISBN(Paperback): 9788131223420

Subject: R544.1 hypertension

Keyword: 内科学

Language: ENG

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Description

Hypertension is fast becoming a pandemic of enormous proportions, and its sequelae of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular adverse events is making it a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The interrelationship of hypertension and kidney changes though established for quite some time, the exact mechanisms and causality are still being discovered. The role of kidney as evidenced by subtle changes in the initiation of 'primary hypertension' is increasingly being scrutinized. The effects of established renal causes that induce hypertension such as renal artery stenosis are well established. Pediatric population is also no longer immune to this potentially debilitating condition. This book will help the readers to: Understand the intricacies of the genesis of hypertension and its effects on the kidneyExplore the various established guidelines and newer promising aspects in diagnosis and management of hypertension and the kidney changes Know the newer emerging concepts in the treatment of hypertension in the pediatric populationEnlighten them about the benefits of timely management of the condition to prevent its progression to end-stage kidney disease, which requires expensive and invasive interventions not suitable to majority of population in a developing country like ours. This book aims to guide the practitioner to diagnose and manage hypertension in the setting of suspected, diagnosed, or established kidney disease with special reference to practical experienc

Chapter

DISCLOSURE OF UNLABELED USES

DISCLOSURE OF FINANCIAL RELATIONSHIPSWITH ANY COMMERCIAL INTEREST

RESOLUTION OF CONFLICT OF INTEREST

CONTENT DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE

ENQUIRIES

Introduction

Renal Artery Stenosis

Abstract

Keywords

Introduction

Etiologies

History, Experimental Models, and Pathogenesis of Hypertension in Ras

Clinical Features

Investigations

Anatomical Diagnosis

Duplex Ultrasound Scanning23

Arteriography and Digital Subtraction Angiography27

CT Angiography30

Magnetic Resonance Angiogram30,31

Investigations to Assess Functional Significance

Captopril Scintigraphy32

Renal Vein Renin Ratio33

Diagnostic Approach: An Overview

Unilateral Renal Artery Stenosis

Bilateral Renal Artery Stenosis

Management

Medical vs. Surgical Therapy

Conclusion

Childhood Hypertension: Emerging Concepts

Abstract

Keywords

Introduction

Prevalence of Primary and Secondary HypertensioN in Children

Childhood Hypertension: Techniques and Terms

Hypertension

Pre-hypertension

Masked Hypertension

White-Coat Hypertension

Etiology

Comorbid Factors

Clinical Presentation

Evaluation

Initial Evaluation

Additional Evaluation

Target End-Organ Damage Evaluation

Management of Pediatric Hypertension

Non-pharmacologic: Lifestyle Modifications

Pharmacologic

Hypertension and Progression of CKD

Hypertensive Emergencies

Surgery

Length of Therapy

Conclusion

Hypertension and Chronic Kidney Disease

Abstract

Keywords

Introduction

CKD and Hypertension: Global and Indian Disease Burden

CKD as Etiology of Hypertension

Hypertension as Etiology of CKD

Patient Assessment: Principles and Overview

Salient Points in Assessment and Planning Management

Proteinuria and Hypertension in CKD

Dyslipidemia and Hypertension

Metabolic Syndrome and Hypertension

Hypertension and Hyperuricemia in CKD

Target BP Levels Recommended in CKD Patients

Ambulatory BP Monitoring in CKD Patients

Management of Hypertension in CKD Patient

Lifestyle Modifications

Pharmacotherapy of Hypertension in CKD

RAAS Blockers

Diuretics

Calcium-Channel Blockers (CCB)

-Adrenergic Blockers

-Blockers

Monitoring BP in CKD Patients

Special Case Scenarios

Hypertension in Hemodialysis Patients

Resistant Hypertension

Post-transplant Hypertension

Conclusion

Case Studies Hypertension and Chronic Kidney Disease

Case 1

Case 2

Essential Hypertension: Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology

Abstract

Keywords

Introduction

Mechanism of Blood Pressure Control

Central Role of Kidney in Genesis of Essential Hypertension

Risk Factors for Development of Essential Hypertension

Genetics

Congenital Effects

Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity

Insulin Resistance and Hyperinsulinemia in Hypertension

High-Sodium and Low-Potassium Diets

Hyperuricemia

Stress

Physiological Alterations in Genesis of Essential Hypertension

Sympathetic Overactivity

Baroreceptor Dysfunction

Cardiac Output Alterations

Autoregulation

Peripheral Resistance

Cell Membrane Alterations

Endothelial Dysfunction

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

Altered Renal Physiology in Hypertension

Resetting of Pressure Natriuresis

Sensitivity to Sodium

Acquired Natriuretic Hormone

Acquired Tubulointerstitial Disease as a Unifying Hypothesis in the Pathogenesis of Salt-Dependent Hypertension131

Conclusion

Prevention of Hypertension in Kidney Disease

Abstract

Keywords

Introduction

Global Burden of Hypertension

Hypertension Scenario in The Developing World

Increasing Prevalence in Developing World: Why?

Long-Term Risk of Hypertension

Hypertension Awareness, Treatment, and Control in Kidney Disease

Pre-hypertension: Is It Relevant?

Importance of Systolic Blood Pressure

Prevalence of Hypertension in Renal Disease

Chronic Kidney Disease: The Global Scenario

Chronic Kidney Disease: The Indian Scenario

"Treat Kidney To Cure Heart": The Relationship Between Ckd and Cvd

Starategies For Prevention of Hypertension in Kidney Disease

Preventive Strategies at the Community Level

Role of Primary Care Physician

Early Detection and Control of Modifiable Risk Factors

Early Detection and Control of Diabetes

Control of Obesity and Other Metabolic Risk Factors

Lifestyle Modification

Avoidance of Smoking

Reduced Salt Intake

Avoidance of Excessive Alcohol Consumption

Increased Physical Activity

Conclusion

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