Chapter
Development of Musculoskeletal System
Vertebral Column and Ribs
Developmental History of Bones
Smooth and Cardiac Muscle
Head and Neck Myotomic Muscles
Head and Neck Branchiomeric Muscles
Skeletal Muscle Innervation
Structural Organization of Skeletal Muscle
Intrinsic Blood Supply of Skeletal Muscle
Composition and Structure of Myofilaments
Muscle Contraction and Relaxation
Biochemical Mechanics of Muscle Contraction
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum and Initiation of Muscle Contraction
Structure of Neuromuscular Junction
Physiology of Neuromuscular Junction
Pharmacology of Neuromuscular Transmission
Physiology of Muscle Contraction
Energy Metabolism of Muscle
Structure, Blood Supply, and Physiology
Peripheral Fibrocartilaginous Element
Composition and Structure of Cartilage
Composition and Structure of Bone
Structure of Cortical (Compact) Bone
Structure of Trabecular Bone
Formation and Composition of Collagen
Formation and Composition of Proteoglycan
Structure and Function of Synovial Membrane
Histology of Connective Tissue
Regulation of Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism
Effects of Bone Formation and Resorption on Skeletal Mass
Four Mechanisms of Bone Mass Regulation
Normal Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism
Nutritional Calcium Deficiency
Effects of Disuse and Stress (Weight Bearing) on Bone Mass
Musculoskeletal Effects of Weightlessness (Space Flight)
Physical Factors in Bone Remodeling
Stress-Generated Electric Potentials in Bone
Bioelectric Potentials in Bone
Age-Related Changes in Bone Geometry
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Differential Diagnosis of Hypercalcemic States
Pathologic Physiology of Hypoparathyroidism
Clinical Manifestations of Chronic Hypoparathyroidism
Clinical Manifestations of Hypocalcemia
Mechanism of Parathyroid Hormone Activity on End Organ
Clinical Guide to Parathyroid Hormone Assay
Rickets, Osteomalacia, and Renal Osteodystrophy
Nutritional-Deficiency Rickets and Osteomalacia
Vitamin D–Resistant Rickets and Osteomalacia due to Proximal Tubular Defects
Vitamin D–Resistant Rickets and Osteomalacia due to Proximal and Distal Renal Tubular Defects
Vitamin D–Dependent (Pseudodeficiency) Rickets and Osteomalacia
Vitamin D–Resistant Rickets due to Renal Tubular Acidosis
Clinical Guide to Vitamin D Measurement
Clinical Manifestations and Progressive Spinal Deformity
Vertebral Compression Fractures
Workup in Symptomatic Disease
Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA)
Quantitative Computed Tomography (QCT)
Quantitative Ultrasonography (QUS)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Treatment of Complications of Spinal Osteoporosis
Management of Vertebral Fractures
Treatment of Osteoporosis
Recommendations for Treatment
Evaluation for Secondary Osteoporosis
Pharmacologic Interventions
Antiresorptive Medications
Osteopetrosis (Albers-Schönberg Disease)
Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva
4 Congenital and Developmental Disorders
Dwarfism—Overview and Achondroplasia
Dwarfism—Hypochondroplasia
Dwarfism—Pseudoachondroplasia
Dwarfism—Metaphyseal Chondrodysplasia, McKusick Type
Dwarfism—Metaphyseal Chondrodysplasia, Schmid Type
Dwarfism—Chondrodysplasia Punctata
Dwarfism—Chondroectodermal Dysplasia (Ellis–van Creveld Syndrome), Grebe Chondrodysplasia, and Acromesomelic Dysplasia
Chondroectodermal Dysplasia (Ellis-Van Creveld Syndrome)
Dwarfism—Multiple Epiphyseal Dysplasia, Fairbank Type
Dwarfism—Pycnodysostosis (Pyknodysostosis)
Dwarfism—Camptomelic (Campomelic) Dysplasia
Dwarfism—Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia Tarda and Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia Congenita
Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia Tarda
Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia Congenita
Dwarfism—Spondylocostal Dysostosis and Dyggve-Melchior-Clausen Dysplasia
Spondylocostal Dysostosis
Dyggve-Melchior-Clausen Dysplasia
Dwarfism—Kniest Dysplasia
Dwarfism—Mucopolysaccharidoses
Dwarfism—Principles of Treatment of Skeletal Dysplasias
Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita
Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva and Progressive Diaphyseal Dysplasia
Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva
Progressive Diaphyseal Dysplasia (Engelmann Disease)
Osteopetrosis and Osteopoikilosis
Osteopetrosis (Albers-Schönberg Disease)
Congenital Elevation of Scapula, Absence of Clavicle, and Pseudarthrosis of Clavicle
Congenital Elevation of Scapula (Sprengel Deformity)
Congenital Absence of Clavicle (Cleidocranial Dysostosis)
Congenital Pseudarthrosis of Clavicle
Congenital Bowing of the Tibia
Anterior or Anterolateral Bowing
Congenital Pseudarthrosis of the Tibia and Dislocation of the Knee
Congenital Pseudarthrosis of the Tibia
Congenital Dislocation of the Knee
Growth Arrest and Growth Retardation
Leg-Lengthening Procedures
Congenital Limb Malformation
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Classification of Congenital Limb Defects
I. Failure of Formation of Parts: Transverse Arrest
I. Failure of Formation of Parts: Longitudinal Arrest
II. Failure of Differentiation of Parts
III. Duplication of Parts
VI. Congenital Constriction Band Syndrome
VII. Generalized Skeletal Abnormalities
Improving Function in Patients
Early and Moderate Hand Involvement
Advanced Hand Involvement
Knee, Shoulder, and Hip Involvement
Extra-Articular Manifestations
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Clinical Course and Prognosis
Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Nonpharmacologic Treatments
Synovial Fluid Examination
Techniques for Arthrocentesis
Microbiologic Cultures and Laboratory Studies
Polyarticular-Onset Arthritis
Enthesitis-Related Arthritis
Reactive Arthritis (Formerly Reiter Syndrome)
Neuropathic Joint Disease
Articular Chondrocalcinosis (Pseudogout)
Polymyalgia Rheumatica and Giant Cell Arteritis
Autoinflammatory Syndromes
Primer on the Innate Immune System
Familial Mediterranean Fever
Hyperimmunoglobulin D Syndrome
Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor–associated Periodic Syndrome
Cryopyrin-Associated Periodic Syndrome
Miscellaneous Autoinflammatory Syndromes
Periodic Fever, Aphthous Stomatitis, Pharyngitis, Adenopathy Syndrome
Diagnostic Evaluation of Patients with Suspected Autoinflammatory Disease
Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (Wegener)
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Antiphospholipid Syndrome
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System
Etiology and Pathogenesis
6 Tumors of Musculoskeletal System
Initial Evaluation and Staging of Musculoskeletal Tumors
Benign Tumors of Bone—Osteoid Osteoma
Benign Tumors of Bone—Osteoblastoma
Benign Tumors of Bone—Enchondroma
Benign Tumors of Bone—Periosteal Chondroma
Benign Tumors of Bone—Osteocartilaginous Exostosis (Osteochondroma)
Benign Tumors of Bone—Chondroblastoma and Chondromyxoid Fibroma
Benign Tumors of Bone—Fibrous Dysplasia
Benign Tumors of Bone—Nonossifying Fibroma and Desmoplastic Fibroma
Benign Tumors of Bone—Eosinophilic Granuloma
Benign Tumors of Bone—Aneurysmal Bone Cyst
Benign Tumors of Bone—Simple Bone Cyst
Benign Tumors of Bone—Giant Cell Tumor of Bone
Malignant Tumors of Bone—Osteosarcoma
Malignant Tumors of Bone—Chondrosarcoma
Malignant Tumors of Bone—Fibrous Histiocytoma and Fibrosarcoma of Bone
Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma
Malignant Tumors of Bone—Reticuloendothelial Tumors
Malignant Tumors of Bone—Adamantinoma
Malignant Tumors of Bone—Tumors Metastatic to Bone
Benign Tumors of Soft Tissue—Desmoid, Fibromatosis, and Hemangioma
Benign Tumors of Soft Tissue—Lipoma, Neurofibroma, and Myositis Ossificans
Malignant Tumors of Soft Tissue—Sarcomas of Soft Tissue
Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma
Fibrosarcoma of Soft Tissue
Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor
Rhabdomyosarcoma and Leiomyosarcoma
Reconstruction After Partial Excision or Curettage of Bone (Fracture Prophylaxis)
Reconstruction after Limb-Salvage Resection
Reconstruction of Diaphysis
7 Injury to Musculoskeletal System
Closed Soft Tissue Injuries
Causes and Clinical Types of Burns
Prevention of Infection in Burn Wounds
Metabolic and Systemic Effects of Burns
Excision and Grafting for Burns
Etiology/ Pathophysiology
Increased Accumulation of Fluid
Constriction of Compartment
Diagnosis of Acute Compartment Syndrome
Measurement of Intracompartmental Pressure
Indications for Fasciotomy
Decompression of Compartment Syndrome
Incisions for Forearm and Hand
Incisions for Thigh, Buttock, and Foot
Healing of Incised, Sutured Skin Wound
Healing of Excised Skin Wound
Fractures, Dislocations, and Sprains
Classification of Fracture
Gustilo and Anderson Classification
Repair—Formation of Soft Callus
Repair—Formation of Hard Callus
Factors That Promote Bone Healing
Factors That Delay Bone Healing
Etiology and Prevalence of Hematogenous Osteomyelitis
Pathogenesis of Hematogenous Osteomyelitis
Etiology of Exogenous Osteomyelitis
Delayed Posttraumatic Osteomyelitis in Diabetic Patient
9 Complications of Fracture
Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Surgical Management of Open Fractures
Posttraumatic Osteoarthritis
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome
Surgical Management of Nonunion
Electric Stimulation of Bone Growth
Noninvasive Coupling Methods of Electric Stimulation of Bone
Composition and Structure of Cartilage
Composition and Structure of Bone
Formation and Composition of Collagen
Formation and Composition of Proteoglycan
Normal Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism
Nutritional Calcium Deficiency
Effects of Disuse and Stress on Bone Mass
Musculoskeletal Effects of Weightlessness (Spaceflight)
Physical Factors in Bone Remodeling
Age-Related Changes in Bone Geometry
Section 3—Metabolic Diseases
Section 4—Congenital and Developmental Disorders
Section 5—Rheumatic Diseases
Section 8—Soft Tissue Infections
Section 9—Complications of Fracture
Netter Collection of Medical Illustrations: Musculoskeletal System, Volume 6, Part III - Musculoskeletal Biology and Systematic Musculoskeletal Disease
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