Chapter
Time Trends in the Prevalence of Allergic Diseases
Environmental Risk Factors for Allergic Diseases
Gene–Environment Interactions
Chapter 2: Natural History of Allergic Diseases and Asthma
Allergic March of Childhood
Early Immune Development Underlying Allergies
Early Childhood: Transient vs Persistent Asthma
Asthma from Childhood to Adulthood
Risk Factors for Persistent Asthma
Asthma- and Allergy-Protective Influences
Other Types of Childhood Asthma
Gene-Environment Interactions
Chapter 3: The Genetics of Allergic Disease and Asthma
Why Undertake Genetic Studies of Allergic Disease?
Approaches to Genetic Studies of Complex Genetic Diseases
Phenotypes for Allergy and Allergic Disease: What Should We Measure?
The Heritability of Atopic Disease: Are Atopy and Atopic Disease Heritable Conditions?
Molecular Regulation of Atopy and Atopic Disease, I: Susceptibility Genes
Molecular Regulation of Atopy and Atopic Disease, II: Disease-Modifying Genes
Epigenetics and Allergic Disease
Chapter 4: Regulation and Biology of Immunoglobulin E
Components of the Immune Response
Principles of Disease Mechanism
Chapter 5: Inflammatory Effector Cells/Cell Migration
Therapeutic Approach to Interfering with Chemokines
Chapter 6: The Developing Immune System and Allergy
Immune Function During Fetal Life
Resistance to Infection During Pregnancy
Surface Phenotype of T Cells in Early Life
Functional Phenotype of T Cells During Infancy and Early Childhood
Innate Immunity in Neonates
B Cell Function in Early Life
Antigen-Presenting Cell Populations
Eosinophils and Mast Cells
Vaccine Immunity in Early Life
Postnatal Maturation of Immune Functions and Allergic Sensitization
Chapter 7: Approach to the Child with Recurrent Infections
Definition of Recurrent Infections
The Clinical Presentation of Underlying Disorders
Laboratory Tests for Underlying Disorders
Chapter 8: Antibody Deficiency
Epidemiology and Etiology
Chapter 9: T Cell Immunodeficiencies
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency
Syndromes with Significant T Cell Deficiency
Hyper-IgM Syndromes due to CD40 Ligand (CD40L) or to CD40 Deficiency
Chapter 10: Pediatric Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Epidemiology and Etiology
HIV Infection and Allergic Diseases
Evaluation and Management
Chapter 11: Complement Deficiencies
Pathophysiology and Clinical Expression
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS)
Inherited Complement Deficiencies
Management of Genetically Determined Complement Deficiencies
Secondary Complement Deficiencies
Laboratory Assessment of Complement
Chapter 12: White Blood Cell Defects
Immune-Mediated Neutropenias
Defects of Granule Formation and Content
Defects of Oxidative Metabolism
Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiencies
Mucocutaneous Candidiasis
Chapter 13: Rheumatic Diseases of Childhood:
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Polyarticular Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Henoch-Schönlein Purpurea
Chapter 14: Autoimmune Diseases
Immune Recognition and Maintenance of Self-Tolerance
Dysregulated Innate Immunity and the Autoinflammatory Syndromes
Chapter 15: Congenital Immune Dysregulation Disorders
Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy, Candidiasis, Ectodermal Dystrophy (APECED)
Immune Dysregulation, Polyendocrinopathy, Enteropathy, X-linked (IPEX)
Defects in IL-2 Signaling
Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome
Chapter 16: Epstein-Barr Virus Infections
Evaluation and Management
Chapter 17: Intravenous Immune Serum Globulin (IVIG) Therapy in Patients with Antibody Immune Deficiency
Immunoglobulin Replacement Therapy in Primary Immunodeficiency
IVIG as an Immune Modulating Agent in Patients with Autoimmune or Inflammatory Disorders
Chapter 18: Bone Marrow Transplantation
Immunological Issues Related to Allogeneic HCT
Sources and Manipulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells
Clinical Indications for HCT According to the Donor
Time Course of Infections and Hematological Recovery
Chapter 19: Gene Therapy and Allergy
Principles and Mechanisms of Disease – The Effector Cells and Effector Molecules of the Immune System and Their Roles in Allergy
What Can Gene Therapy Do for the Allergic Patient?
Chapter 20: Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation and Gene Therapy for Primary Immune Deficiency Diseases
Primary Immune Deficiencies and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Chapter 21: Autoinflammatory Disorders
Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF)
TNF Receptor-Associated Periodic Fever Syndrome (TRAPS)
Hyper IgD Syndrome (HIDS)
Cryopyrin-Associated Periodic Syndromes (CAPS)
Deficiency of Interleukin-1-Receptor Antagonist (DIRA)
Blau Syndrome/Pediatric Granulomatous Arthritis
Pyogenic Sterile Arthritis, Pyoderma Gangrenosum and Acne (PAPA)
Periodic Fevers, Apthous Stomatitis, Pharyngitis and Adenitis (PFAPA)
Chapter 22: Laboratory Diagnosis and Management of Human Allergic Disease
Immediate (Type 1) Hypersensitivity Response
Diagnosis of Type 1 Hypersensitivity
Management of Type 1 Hypersensitivity
Chapter 23: In Vivo Testing for Immunoglobulin E-Mediated Sensitivity
Prevalence of Positive Skin Tests
Factors Affecting the Size and Prevalence of Positive Skin Tests
Chapter 24: Outdoor Allergens
General Principles of Allergen Aerobiology
Impact of Climate Change on Aeroallergens
Chapter 25: Indoor Allergens
Allergen Structure and Function
Evaluation of Allergen Exposure
Clinical Significance of Indoor Allergens
Chapter 26: Environmental Control
Chapter 27: Immunotherapy for Allergic Disease
Principles of Immunotherapy
Specific Disease Indications
Chapter 28: Allergic Rhinitis
Evaluation and Management
Mediators of Allergy and Otitis Media with Effusion
Diagnosis of Otitis Media
Sinus Development in Childhood
Clinical Definitions of Sinusitis
Chapter 31: Chronic Cough
Pathophysiology (Figures 31-2 and 31-3)
Cough During and After Respiratory Infection
Cough Associated with Allergic Rhinitis, Rhinosinusitis, and/or Postnasal Drip
Cough Associated with Compression Syndromes
Cough Associated with Aspiration Syndromes
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis
Hypersensitivity Lung Disease
Chapter 32: Immunology of the Asthmatic Response
Components of the Allergic Inflammatory Response
Costimulatory Requirements for the Development of Sensitization
Updating the Th2 Paradigm
Innate Inflammatory Pathways to Asthma
Other Innate Cell Types that Affect Asthma
Epithelial-Mesenchymal Trophic Unit and Airway Remodeling
The Role of Cell Trafficking in Pulmonary Inflammation
How Can Asthma be Treated to Induce Protective Immunity?
Chapter 33: Guidelines for the Treatment of Childhood Asthma:
Assessing Asthma Severity in Children
Asthma Treatment Steps for Children
Monitoring Asthma Control in Children
Application of Guidelines to Clinical Practice
Chapter 34: Functional Assessment of Asthma
Functional Assessments of Asthma in Infants and Small Children
Uses of Assessments of Lung Function
Chapter 35: Infections and Asthma
Mechanisms of Virus-Induced Wheezing and Asthma
Chapter 36: Special Considerations for Infants and Young Children
Diagnostic and Monitoring Tools to Evaluate Asthma in Young Children
Predicting Who Is Likely to Develop Persistent Asthma
Patient Selection and Timing of Treatment
Chapter 37: Inner City Asthma
Prevalence, Morbidity, and Mortality of Asthma in Inner Cities
Causative or Contributory Factors
Strategies for Inner City Asthma Interventions
Future Opportunites: Health-Care Reform
Chapter 38: Asthma in Older Children
Epidemiology and Etiology
Differential Diagnosis of Asthma
Evaluation and Management of Factors that Increase the Severity of Disease
Classification of Asthma Severity and Control
Treatment of Childhood Asthma
Chapter 39: Asthma Education Programs for Children
Key Issues and Tools for Providing Asthma Education to Patients and Their Care-Givers
Changing Specific Skills and Behaviours
Chapter 40: Asthma and the Athlete
Definition and Prevalence Definition and Prevalence
Chapter 41: New Insight into the Pathogenesis and Management of Refractory Childhood Asthma
Clinical Characteristics of Refractory Asthma in Childhood
Pathogenesis of Refractory Asthma
Evaluation of the Child With Refractory Asthma
Management of Refractory Childhood Asthma
Chapter 42: Communication Strategies to Improve Adherence with Asthma Medications
Nonadherence is a Major Threat to Treatment Success
What Happens When Patients are Nonadherent?
What Can be Done to Change Patient Behavior?
Evidence Basis for Changing Health Behaviors: The Health Beliefs Model
Six Communication Strategies for Changing Patient Behavior
Chapter 43: New Directions in Asthma Management
Current Management of Childhood Asthma
Special Problems for Managing Asthma in Young Children
Chapter 44: Mucosal Immunology:
Structure of the Gastrointestinal Associated Lymphoid Tissue (GALT)
Mechanisms of Antigen Sampling in the Intestinal Mucosa
Normal Immune Response to Sampled Antigens in the Intestine
The Role of Intestinal Dendritic Cells in Tolerance and Immunity
Macrophages Have a Regulatory Phenotype in the Intestine
Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) Signaling in the Intestine
Homing of Lymphocytes to the Intestine
Humoral Immune Responses in the Intestine
Chapter 45: Evaluation of Food Allergy
Differential Diagnosis (Box 45-1)
Management (see Chapter 52)
Chapter 46: Approach to Feeding Problems in the Infant and Young Child
Gastrointestinal Problems in Early Childhood
Evaluation and Management
Chapter 47: Prevention and Natural History of Food Allergy
Principles of Traditional Allergy Prevention
Chapter 48: Enterocolitis, Proctocolitis, and Enteropathies
Evaluation and Management
Chapter 49: Eosinophilic Esophagitis, Gastroenteritis, and Proctocolitis
Eosinophilic Proctocolitis
Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis
Chapter 50: Food Allergy, Respiratory Disease, and Anaphylaxis
Differential Diagnosis of Food-Induced Respiratory Syndromes
Food Allergy and Predisposition to Bronchial Hyperreactivity (BHR)
Chapter 51: Atopic Dermatitis and Food Hypersensitivity
Epidemiology of Food Allergy in Atopic Dermatitis
Chapter 52: Management of Food Allergy
Avoidance Diets – General
Allergen Elimination Diets – Diagnostic or Therapeutic
Introducing Complementary Foods to Children with Food Allergies
Chapter 53: Role of Barrier Dysfunction and Immune Response in Atopic Dermatitis
Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
Chapter 54: Management of Atopic Dermatitis
Hydration and Skin Barrier Protective Measures
Topical Antiinflammatory Therapy
Identification and Elimination of Triggering Factors
Education of Patients and Care-givers
Multidisciplinary Approach to Atopic Dermatitis
Investigational or Unproven Therapy
Chapter 55: Urticaria and Angioedema
Evaluation and Management
Chapter 56: Contact Dermatitis
Evaluation and Management
Diagnosis of Contact Dermatitis
Allergens of Particular Importance in Children
Summary and Recommendations
Chapter 57: Allergic and Immunologic Eye Disease
Eye Anatomy, Histology, and Immune Function
New Directions and Future Developments
Evaluation and Management
Chapter 59: Latex Allergy
Clinical Manifestations – Initial Observations
Functional Properties of Latex Allergens
Diagnosis of Latex Allergy
Prevention and Treatment of the Patient with Latex Allergy
Chapter 60: Insect Sting Anaphylaxis
Differential Diagnosis: Reaction to Insect Stings
Evaluation and Management
Treatment: Venom Immunotherapy
Epidemiology of Anaphylaxis
Mechanisms of Anaphylaxis
Clinical Diagnosis of the Acute Anaphylaxis Episode
Risk Assessment: Confirmation of the Anaphylaxis Trigger
Long-Term Risk Reduction: Preventive Measures
Long-Term Risk Reduction: Emergency Preparedness
Acute Anaphylaxis in the Physician’s Office
APPENDIX I: Clinical Immunology Laboratory Values
APPENDIX II: Food Allergy
Pediatric Allergy: Principles and Practice
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