Chapter
Section 1 Biologic Aspects of Gastrointestinal Function
Chapter 1 - Development of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Chapter 2 - Basic Aspects of Digestion and Absorption
DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION IN INFANTS
MINERALS AND TRACE ELEMENTS
Chapter 3 - Bile Acid Physiology and Alterations in the Enterohepatic Circulation
ENTEROHEPATIC CIRCULATION
MATURATION OF THE ENTEROHEPATIC CIRCULATION
ALTERATIONS IN THE ENTEROHEPATIC CIRCULATION
ALTERATION OF HEPATIC BILE ACID TRANSPORT
ALTERATION IN CHOLESTASIS (GENERAL)
ALTERATION OF THE ENTEROHEPATIC CIRCULATION OF BILE ACIDS
MECHANISM OF BILE ACID-INDUCED DIARRHEA
Chapter 4 - Indigenous Flora
UNDERSTANDING THE INDIGENOUS FLORA BY STUDYING GERM-FREE ANIMALS
ESTABLISHING THE INDIGENOUS FLORA
BACTERIAL FLORA WITHIN THE VARIOUS SECTIONS OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
CONTROLLING THE GROWTH OF THE INDIGENOUS POPULATION
SYMBIOSIS BETWEEN HOST AND FECAL FLORA
BACTERIAL FLORA IN ILLNESS
BACTERIAL FLORA AND ALLERGY
BACTERIAL FLORA AND ANTIBIOTICS
Chapter 5 - Physiology of Gastrointestinal Motility
MOTILITY OF THE SMALL INTESTINE AND COLON
ADDITIONAL MOTOR FUNCTIONS
Chapter 6 - Gastrointestinal Mucosal Immunology and Mechanisms of Inflammation
HIERARCHY OF GUT IMMUNE RESPONSES
GENERATION OF INFLAMMATION
MECHANISMS THAT PREVENT INFLAMMATORY REACTIONS TO GUT LUMINAL CONTENTS
ORGANIZATION OF THE MUCOSAL IMMUNE SYSTEM
COMPONENTS OF THE MUCOSAL IMMUNE SYSTEM
ESTABLISHMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF ORAL TOLERANCE TO ANTIGENS AND THE FLORA
PATTERNS OF INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE WITHIN THE INTESTINE
Section 2 Clinical Problems
Chapter 7 - Chronic Abdominal Pain of Childhood and Adolescence
EVALUATION OF THE CHILD WITH CHRONIC ABDOMINAL PAIN
DIAGNOSIS OF CHILDHOOD FUNCTIONAL ABDOMINAL PAIN DISORDERS
THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT
Chapter 8 - Approach to the Child With a Functional Gastrointestinal Disorder
EARLY LEARNING-DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF FUNCTIONAL GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS
BIOMEDICAL VERSUS BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL MODELS
APPROACH TO THE CHILD OR ADOLESCENT WITH PAIN-ASSOCIATED DISABILITY SYNDROME
WHAT SHOULD A PEDIATRIC GASTROENTEROLOGY CONSULTATION ACCOMPLISH?
PEDIATRIC FUNCTIONAL GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS
Chapter 9 - Vomiting and Nausea
CLINICAL ASPECTS OF VOMITING
CLINICAL ASPECTS OF NAUSEA
SPECIFIC VOMITING DISORDERS
PHYSIOLOGY OF INTESTINAL CONTENT HANDLING
CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS OF TYPES OF DIARRHEA
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SECRETORY DIARRHEA
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF OSMOTIC DIARRHEA
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF INFLAMMATORY DIARRHEA
CLINICAL RELEVANCE OF ACUTE INFECTIOUS DIARRHEA
APPROACH TO THE CHILD WITH DIARRHEA
Chapter 11 - Colic and Gastrointestinal Gas
Chapter 12 - Constipation and Fecal Incontinence
FUNCTIONAL CONSTIPATION IN INFANTS AND TODDLERS
FUNCTIONAL CONSTIPATION IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS
COMPLICATIONS OF CONSTIPATION
FUNCTIONAL FECAL INCONTINENCE
Chapter 13 - Failure to Thrive
CAUSES AND CONTRIBUTORY FACTORS
EVALUATION OF FAILURE TO THRIVE
Chapter 14 - Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
ASSESSMENT OF THE OBESE CHILD
Chapter 16 - Eating Disorders in Children and Adolescents
CHANGING FACE OF THE EPIDEMIOLOGY
ASPECTS OF THE HISTORY AND PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
MEDICAL COMPLICATIONS OF EATING DISORDERS
AMENORRHEA AND OSTEOPENIA
PROGNOSIS: BONE, BRAINS, AND BABIES (OR FUTURE FERTILITY)
PREVENTION: HOW CAN WE DO BETTER?
JAUNDICE IN INFANTS AND OLDER CHILDREN
SPONTANEOUS BACTERIAL PERITONITIS
Chapter 19 - Caustic Ingestion and Foreign Bodies
INGESTION OF CAUSTIC AGENTS
MECHANISMS OF DAMAGE TO THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
MANAGEMENT OF CAUSTIC INGESTION
FOLLOW-UP AND LONG-TERM MANAGEMENT
INGESTION OF FOREIGN BODIES
ACUTE MANAGEMENT OF FOREIGN BODIES
Chapter 20 - Developmental Anatomy and Physiology of the Esophagus
GENETIC AND MOLECULAR ASPECTS OF TRACHEOESOPHAGEAL DEVELOPMENT
Chapter 21 - Congenital Malformations of the Esophagus
CONGENITAL LESIONS OF THE ESOPHAGUS
CONGENITAL ESOPHAGEAL STENOSIS
ESOPHAGEAL ATRESIA AND TRACHEOESOPHAGEAL FISTULA
LARYNGOTRACHEOESOPHAGEAL CLEFTS
Chapter 22 - Gastroesophageal Reflux
ENVIRONMENTAL AND GENETIC FACTORS
Chapter 23 - Achalasia and Other Motor Disorders
DISORDERS OF THE PROXIMAL ESOPHAGUS
DISORDERS OF THE DISTAL ESOPHAGUS
Chapter 24 - Other Diseases of the Esophagus
Chapter 25 - Developmental Anatomy and Physiology of the Stomach
OTHER HORMONES AND PEPTIDES
MUCUS AND BICARBONATE SECRETION
Chapter 26 - Congenital Anomalies and Surgical Disorders of the Stomach
HYPERTROPHIC PYLORIC STENOSIS
GASTRIC OUTLET OBSTRUCTION
GASTRIC AND DUODENAL DUPLICATIONS
Chapter 27 - Gastritis, Gastropathy, and Ulcer Disease
Chapter 28 - Helicobacter pylori in Childhood
HOST FACTORS AND RESPONSES
BACTERIAL FACTORS AND ADAPTATIONS
Chapter 29 - Gastric Motility Disorders
GASTRIC MOTOR PHYSIOLOGY AND GASTRIC EMPTYING
DISORDERS OF GASTRIC FUNCTION
ASSESSMENT OF GASTRIC MOTOR AND SENSORY FUNCTION
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
Section 5 The Small and Large Intestine
Chapter 31 - Anatomy and Physiology of the Small and Large Intestines
PHYSIOLOGY OF WATER AND ION TRANSPORT
Chapter 32 - Maldigestion and Malabsorption
Chapter 33 - Protracted Diarrhea
Definitions, Epidemiology, and Risk Factors
PATHOPHSYSIOLOGY OF PROTRACTED DIARRHEA
ASSESSMENT OF THE PATIENT WITH PROTRACTED DIARRHEA
Chapter 34 - Protein-Losing Enteropathy
Chapter 35 - Celiac Disease
CEREAL PROTEINS AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
GENETICS OF CELIAC DISEASE
Chapter 36 - Short Bowel Syndrome
INTESTINAL FUNCTION AND THE IMPACT OF INTESTINAL LOSS
FACTORS THAT DETERMINE PROGNOSIS OF SBS
CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF SBS
ADDITIONAL MEDICAL INTERVENTIONS
COMPLICATIONS OF SBS AND PN
SURVIVAL AND ITS COSTS IN PEDIATRIC SBS
Chapter 37 - Small Bowel Transplant
PRETRANSPLANT NUTRITIONAL MANAGEMENT
DONOR AND RECIPIENT OPERATIONS
POSTTRANSPLANT NUTRITIONAL MANAGEMENT
Chapter 38 - Allergic and Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Disease
FOOD ALLERGY OR HYPERSENSITIVITY
EOSINOPHILIC GASTROENTEROPATHIES
EOSINOPHILIC GASTROENTERITIS
EOSINOPHILIC PROCTOCOLITIS
OTHER MANIFESTATIONS OF GASTROINTESTINAL ALLERGY
Chapter 39 - Infectious Diarrhea
BACTERIAL GASTROENTERITIS
POTENTIAL DIARRHEAGENIC ORGANISMS
Chapter 40 - Enteric Parasites
Chapter 41 - Gastrointestinal Manifestations of Primary Immunodeficiency
INNATE VERSUS ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
COMPONENTS OF THE ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE
HUMORAL IMMUNODEFICIENCIES
CELLULAR IMMUNODEFICIENCIES
COMBINED CELLULAR-HUMORAL IMMUNODEFICIENCIES
DISORDERS OF PHAGOCYTE FUNCTION
OTHER PRIMARY IMMUNODEFICIENCIES
Chapter 42 - Gastrointestinal Complications of Secondary Immunodeficiency Syndromes
HIV AND THE CELLULAR COMPONENTS OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE INTESTINAL TRACT IN HIV INFECTION
INFECTIONS OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
INFECTIONS OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT IN REGIONS WITH LOW HAART ACCESSIBILITY OR IN PATIENTS WITH CD4 COUNTS BELOW 200 CELLS/...
INFECTIONS OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT IN REGIONS WITH HIGH HAART ACCESSIBILITY AND SUCCESSFUL HIV VIRAL SUPPRESSION
MOTILITY OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT IN HIV INFECTION
IDIOPATHIC ESOPHAGEAL ULCERATION
CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS IN HIV INFECTION AND OTHER IMMUNODEFICIENCIES
OTHER SECONDARY IMMUNODEFICIENCIES
LIVER COMPLICATIONS IN SECONDARY IMMUNODEFICIENCY
Chapter 43 - Pediatric Polyposis Syndromes
Histopathologic Classification
FAMILIAL ADENOMATOUS POLYPOSIS
JUVENILE POLYP (SOLITARY AT DIAGNOSIS)
JUVENILE POLYPOSIS SYNDROME
PTEN – HAMARTOMA TUMOR SYNDROME
PEUTZ-JEGHERS SYNDROME (PJS)
OTHER POLYPOSIS SYNDROMES
Chapter 44 - Crohn’s Disease
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOMS
CLASSIFICATION OF SUBGROUPS IN CROHN’S DISEASE
Chapter 45 - Ulcerative Colitis in Children and Adolescents
EXTRAINTESTINAL MANIFESTATIONS
Chapter 46 - Chronic Intestinal
Pseudo-obstruction
Chapter 47 - Neonatal Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Chapter 48 - Disorders of the Anorectum:
TAGS AND MISCELLANEOUS CONDITIONS
Chapter 49 - Neoplasms of the Gastrointestinal Tract and Liver
NEOPLASMS OF THE LUMINAL GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
NEOPLASMS OF LYMPHOID ORIGIN
NEOPLASMS OF EPITHELIAL ORIGIN
NEOPLASMS OF MESENCHYMAL ORIGIN
Chapter 50 - Other Diseases of the Small Intestine and Colon
ACRODERMATITIS ENTEROPATHICA
HEMOLYTIC UREMIC SYNDROME
SOLITARY RECTAL ULCER SYNDROME AND COLITIS CYSTICA PROFUNDA
INTESTINAL GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST DISEASE
Chapter 51 - Appendicitis
Section 6 Pediatric Surgical Disorders
Chapter 52 - Intussusception in Infants and Children
Chapter 53 - Inguinal Hernias and Hydroceles
Chapter 54 - Meckel’s Diverticulum and Other Omphalomesenteric Duct Remnants
Chapter 55 - Hirschsprung’s Disease
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GENETICS
RESULTS OF SURGICAL THERAPY
Chapter 56 - Imperforate Anus
CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF DEFECTS
EARLY MANAGEMENT AND DIAGNOSIS
Chapter 57 - Abnormal Rotation and Fixation of the Intestine
COMPLICATIONS, RESULTS, OUTCOME
Chapter 58 - Small and Large Bowel Stenosis and Atresias
DUODENAL STENOSIS AND ATRESIA
Chapter 59 - Newborn Abdominal Wall Defects
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND AND TERMINOLOGY
EMBRYOGENESIS DICTATES THE TYPE OF DEFECT
FACTORS THAT MAY CAUSE THE DEFECT
ASSOCIATED ANOMALIES (THE MAJOR DETERMINANT OF MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY)
INITIAL MANAGEMENT AFTER DELIVERY
SPECIFIC MANAGEMENT OF THE DEFECT
ALTERNATIVE METHODS OF CLOSURE
INCREASING HOSPITAL COSTS
POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS
LATE MORBIDITY AND QUALITY OF LIFE
Chapter 60 - Stomas of the Small and Large Intestine
TYPES OF INTESTINAL STOMA AND THEIR APPLICATIONS
INDICATIONS FOR ENTEROSTOMIES IN CHILDREN
REESTABLISHING INTESTINAL CONTINUITY
COMPLICATIONS OF ENTEROSTOMIES AND THEIR MANAGEMENT
Section 7 GastrointestinalProcedures
Chapter 61 - Esophagogastroduodenoscopy and Related Techniques
WIRELESS CAPSULE ENDOSCOPY
PERCUTANEOUS ENDOSCOPIC GASTROSTOMY
PERCUTANEOUS ENDOSCOPIC JEJUNOSTOMY (PEJ)
SPECIAL ENDOSCOPIC TECHNIQUES
ENDOSCOPIC ULTRASONOGRAPHY
CHROMOENDOSCOPY AND NARROW BAND IMAGING
CONFOCAL LASER MICROSCOPY (ENDOMICROSCOPY)
Chapter 62 - Colonoscopy, Polypectomy, and Related Techniques
PERSONNEL, SEDATION, AND ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS
THERMOCOAGULATION: HEATER PROBE, MULTIPOLAR PROBES, AND HOT BIOPSY FORCEPS
SPECIAL ENDOSCOPIC TECHNIQUES
Chapter 63 - Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography
PANCREATICOBILIARY IMAGING METHODS
CONTRAINDICATIONS TO ERCP
UNUSUAL BILIARY INFECTIONS
CAPSULE ENDOSCOPY AND SMALLBOWEL ENTEROSCOPY
CONTRAINDICATIONS AND COMPLICATIONS
INTRAOPERATIVE ENTEROSCOPY
Chapter 65 - Gastrointestinal Motility Procedures
GASTOINTESTINAL MOTILITY STUDIES
Chapter 66 - Gastrointestinal Pathology
INTERPRETATION OF COLONIC MUCOSAL BIOPSY SPECIMENS IN THE EVALUATION OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE
EVALUATION OF RESECTION SPECIMENS IN INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE
DISORDERS OF INTESTINAL MOTILITY
GASTROINTESTINAL POLYPS AND POLYPOSIS SYNDROMES
Section 8 The Liver and Bile Ducts
Chapter 67 - Developmental Anatomy and Physiology of the Liver and Bile Ducts
EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF THE LIVER IN HUMANS AND OTHER VERTEBRATES
DEVELOPMENT OF THE BILIARY TREE
DEVELOPMENT OF THE HEPATIC VASCULATURE
THE FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF THE LIVER: THE HEPATIC LOBULE AND SINUSOIDAL SYSTEM
FUNCTIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE LIVER
LIVER AS A METABOLIC ORGAN
LIVER AS A HEMATOPOIETIC ORGAN
STEM CELLS AND LIVER REGENERATION
Chapter 68 - Neonatal Hepatitis
APPROACH TO THE INFANT WITH CHOLESTASIS
CHOLESTASIS ASSOCIATED WITH INFECTION
SYSTEMIC CONDITIONS ASSOCIATED WITH NEONATAL HEPATITIS
IDIOPATHIC NEONATAL HEPATITIS
MANAGEMENT OF NEONATAL CHOLESTASIS
Chapter 69 - Biliary Atresia and Neonatal Disorders of the Bile Ducts
SURGICALLY CORRECTABLE DISORDERS
Chapter 70 - Pediatric Cholestatic Liver Disease with Genetic Etiology
DEFECTS IN BILE ACID PRODUCTION
DEFECTS IN MEMBRANE TRANSPORTERS
DISORDERS OF EMBRYOGENESIS: ALAGILLE SYNDROME
DISORDER OF MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTION
Chapter 71 - Mitochondrial Hepatopathies:
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GENETICS OF FAO DISORDERS
CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS OF FAO DISORDERS
DIAGNOSIS OF FAO DISORDERS
TREATMENT OF DISORDERS OF FAO
RESPIRATORY CHAIN DISORDERS
MITOCHONDRIAL RC GENETICS AND BIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF RC DISORDERS
GENETICS OF MITOCHONDRIAL HEPATOPATHIES
DIAGNOSIS OF MITOCHONDRIAL HEPATOPATHIES
TREATMENT OF MITOCHONDRIAL HEPATOPATHIES
Chapter 72 - Abnormalities of Hepatic Protein Metabolism
α1-ANTITRYPSIN DEFICIENCY
Chapter 73 - Abnormalities of Carbohydrate Metabolism and the Liver
NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE
HEREDITARY FRUCTOSE INTOLERANCE
FRUCTOSE-1,6-BISPHOSPHATASE DEFICIENCY
Chapter 74 - Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
PREVALENCE AND DEMOGRAPHIC PREDICTORS
Chapter 75 - Acute and Chronic Hepatitis
EVALUATION OF THE CHILD WITH HEPATITIS
NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE
Chapter 76 - Portal Hypertension
PATHOGENESIS OF PORTAL HYPERTENSION
Chapter 77 - Liver Failure
Chapter 78 - Liver Transplantation in Children
INDICATIONS FOR LIVER TRANSPLANTATION
GENERAL CONTRAINDICATIONS FOR LIVER TRANSPLANTATION IN CHILDREN
EVALUATION OF PEDIATRIC LIVER TRANSPLANT CANDIDATES
PREPARATION FOR LIVER TRANSPLANTATION
LIVER TRANSPLANTATION SURGERY
POSTTRANSPLANT MANAGEMENT AND COMPLICATIONS
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT AND QUALITY OF LIFE
NONADHERENCE WITH IMMUNOSUPPRESSION
SURVIVAL AFTER LIVER TRANSPLANTATION
LIVER TRANSPLANTATION IN SPECIAL GROUPS
WITHDRAWAL OF IMMUNOSUPPRESSION AND TOLERANCE
Chapter 79 - Diseases of the Gallbladder
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF GALLSTONE DISEASE
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF GALLSTONE DISEASE
TOTAL PARENTERAL NUTRITION–ASSOCIATED STONES
CYSTIC FIBROSIS–ASSOCIATED GALLSTONES
ILEAL DISEASE AND ILEAL RESECTION-ASSOCIATED STONES
DIAGNOSIS OF GALLSTONE DISEASE
TREATMENT OF GALLSTONE DISEASE
CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS (COMMON BILE DUCT STONES)
ACUTE HYDROPS OF THE GALLBLADDER
UNUSUAL DISEASES OF THE GALLBLADDER
Chapter 80 - Pancreatic Development
DIFFERENTIATION OF PANCREATIC PROGENITORS
PROGRAMMED DEVELOPMENT BY HIERARCHICAL SIGNALS
REGENERATIVE CAPACITY OF THE PANCREAS
SUMMARY ON PANCREATIC DEVELOPMENT
PANCREATIC SECRETION AND EXOCRINE FUNCTION
Chapter 81 - Cystic Fibrosis and Congenital Anomalies of the Exocrine Pancreas
STRUCTURAL ABNORMALITIES OF THE PANCREAS
FUNCTIONAL ABNORMALITIES OF THE PANCREAS
Chapter 82 - Pancreatitis
ACUTE AND CHRONIC PANCREATITIS
Chapter 83 - Total Pancreatectomy with Autoislet Transplantation, and Pancreatic Allotransplantation
TOTAL PANCREATECTOMY WITH AUTOISLET TRANSPLANTATION (TP-AIT)
WHOLE-ORGAN PANCREAS ALLOTRANSPLANTATION
PANCREATIC ISLET ALLOTRANSPLANTATION
Chapter 84 - Secretory Neoplasms of the Pancreas
MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA
CONGENITAL HYPERINSULINISM
GASTRINOMA: ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME
Chapter 85 - Infant and Toddler Nutrition
SPECIFIC NUTRIENT DEFICITS
TODDLERS’ NUTRITON AND STOOLING
PSYCHOLOGY OF TODDLERS’ NUTRITION
Chapter 86 - Nutritional Assessment
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF NUTRITIONAL DISORDERS IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT
CLINICAL FEATURES OF NORMAL GROWTH AND BODY COMPOSITION IN CHILDREN
INDICATIONS FOR NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT
COMPONENTS OF NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT
Chapter 87 - Tubes for Enteric Access
CONSIDERATIONS FOR SHORT-TERM ACCESS
CONSIDERATIONS FOR LONG-TERM ACCESS
GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX AND TUBES
Chapter 88 - Parenteral Nutrition
PARENTERAL NUTRITION COMPONENTS AND REQUIREMENTS
TOTAL NUTRIENT ADMIXTURES
CYCLIC PARENTERAL NUTRITION
HOME PARENTERAL NUTRITION
MONITORING THE HOME PN PATIENT
Chapter 89 - Enteral Nutrition
MALNUTRITION IN THE HOSPITAL SETTING
INDICATIONS FOR ENTERAL FEEDING (TABLE 89-1)
GROWTH FAILURE ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC DISEASE
CHOICE OF ENTERAL FEEDING ROUTE
CHOICE OF FEEDING METHOD (CONTINUOUS, NOCTURNAL, OR BOLUS FEEDING)
ENTERAL NUTRITION IN THE NEONATE
ENTERAL FEEDING IN THE INFANT AND CHILD
PRACTICAL ISSUES OF ENTERAL NUTRITION
TRANSITION FROM PARENTERAL TO ENTERAL/ORAL NUTRITION
Chapter 90 - Management of Diarrhea
MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE DIARRHEA
MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC DIARRHEA
Chapter 91 - Effects of Digestive Diseases on Bone Metabolism
MEASUREMENT OF BONE METABOLISM AND BONE MASS IN CHILDREN
DEFINITION OF OSTEOPOROSIS IN CHILDREN
COMMON MECHANISMS BY WHICH DIGESTIVE DISEASES AFFECT BONE MASS
SELECTED GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH DECREASED BMD
Chapter 92 - Nutrition and Feeding for Children with Developmental Disabilities
NUTRITIONAL GOALS AND RISKS
PRESENTATION AND EVALUATION
Pediatric Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease
Disclaimer: Any content in publications that violate the sovereignty, the constitution or regulations of the PRC is not accepted or approved by CNPIEC.
