Chapter
Chapter 1: Functional Organization of the Human Body and Control of the "Internal Environment"
"Homeostatic" Mechanisms of the Major Functional Systems (p. 4)
Control Systems of the Body (p. 6)
Summary-Automaticity of the Body (p. 9)
Chapter 2: The Cell and Its Functions
Organization of the Cell (p. 11)
Physical Structure of the Cell (p. 12)
Functional Systems of the Cell (p. 18)
Chapter 3: Genetic Control of Protein Synthesis, Cell Function, and Cell Reproduction
DNA Code in the Cell Nucleus Is Transferred to RNA Code in the Cell Cytoplasm-The Process of Transcription (p. 30)
Translation Is Synthesis of Polypeptides on the Ribosomes from the Genetic Code Contained in mRNA (p. 33)
Control of Gene Function and Biochemical Activity in Cells (p. 35)
The DNA-Genetic System Also Controls Cell Reproduction (p. 37)
Unit II: Membrane Physiology, Nerve, and Muscle
Chapter 4: Transport of Substances through Cell Membranes
"Active Transport" of Substances through Membranes (p. 52)
Chapter 5: Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials
Basic Physics of Membrane Potentials (p. 57)
Resting Membrane Potential of Nerves (p. 59)
Nerve Action Potential (p. 60)
Propagation of the Action Potential (p. 64)
Re-establishing Sodium and Potassium Ionic Gradients after Action Potentials Are Completed-Importance of Energy Metabolism (p. 65)
Special Characteristics of Signal Transmission in Nerve Trunks (p. 67)
Chapter 6: Contraction of Skeletal Muscle
Physiologic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle (p. 71)
General Mechanism of Muscle Contraction (p. 73)
Molecular Mechanism of Muscle Contraction (p. 74)
Energetics of Muscle Contraction (p. 78)
Characteristics of Whole Muscle Contraction (p. 79)
Chapter 7: Excitation of Skeletal Muscle: Neuromuscular Transmission and Excitation-Contraction Coupling
Transmission of Impulses from Neurons to Skeletal Muscle Fibers: The Neuromuscular Junction (p. 83)
Muscle Action Potential (p. 87)
Excitation-Contraction Coupling (p. 88)
Chapter 8: Excitation and Contraction of Smooth Muscle
Contraction of Smooth Muscle
Nervous and Hormonal Control of Smooth Muscle Contraction (p. 94)
Chapter 9: Cardiac Muscle; The Heart as a Pump and Function of the Heart Valves
Distinguishing Features of Cardiac Muscle Compared with Skeletal Muscle (p. 101)
The Cardiac Cycle (p. 105)
Regulation of Heart Pumping (p. 110)
Chapter 10: Rhythmical Excitation of the Heart
Specialized Excitatory and Conductive System of the Heart (p. 115)
Control of Excitation and Conduction in the Heart (p. 118)
Chapter 11: The Normal Electrocardiogram
Electrocardiographic Leads (p. 124)
Chapter 12: Electrocardiographic Interpretation of Cardiac Muscle and Coronary Blood Flow Abnormalities: Vectorial Analysis
Principles of Vectorial Analysis of Electrocardiograms (p. 129)
Conditions That Cause Abnormal Voltage of the QRS Complex (p. 137)
Current of Injury (p. 138)
Abnormalities in the T Wave (p. 141)
Chapter 13: Cardiac Arrhythmias and Their Electrocardiographic Interpretation
Abnormal Sinus Rhythms (p. 143)
Abnormal Cardiac Rhythms That Result from Impulse Conduction Block (p. 144)
Premature Contractions (p. 146)
Paroxysmal Tachycardia (p. 148)
Ventricular Fibrillation (p. 149)
Atrial Fibrillation (p. 151)
Chapter 14: Overview of the Circulation; Biophysics of Pressure, Flow, and Resistance
Physical Characteristics of the Circulation (p. 157)
Basic Principles of Circulatory Function (p. 158)
Interrelationships of Pressure, Flow, and Resistance (p. 159)
Chapter 15: Vascular Distensibility and Functions of the Arterial and Venous Systems
Vascular Distensibility (p. 167)
Arterial Pressure Pulsations (p. 168)
Veins and Their Function (p. 171)
Chapter 16: The Microcirculation and Lymphatic System: Capillary Fluid Exchange,Interstitial Fluid, and Lymph Flow
Structure of the Microcirculation (p. 177)
Exchange of Nutrients and Other Substances between Blood and Interstitial Fluid (p. 179)
The Interstitium and Interstitial Fluid (p. 180)
Capillary Fluid Filtration Is Determined by Hydrostatic and Colloid Osmotic Pressures, and Capillary Filtration Coefficient (p. 181)
The Lymphatic System (p. 186)
Chapter 17: Local and Humoral Control of Tissue Blood Flow
Mechanisms of Local Blood Flow Control (p. 191)
Humoral Control of the Circulation (p. 199)
Chapter 18: Nervous Regulation of the Circulation, and Rapid Control of Arterial Pressure
Autonomic Nervous System (p. 201)
Role of the Nervous System in Rapid Control of Arterial Pressure (p. 204)
Chapter 19: Role of the Kidneys in Long-Term Control of Arterial Pressure and in Hypertension: The Integrated System forArterial Pressure Regulation
Renal-Body Fluid System for Arterial Pressure Control (p. 213)
Hypertension (High Blood Pressure) (p. 218)
Renin-Angiotensin System: Its Role in Arterial Pressure Control and Hypertension (p. 220)
Summary of the Integrated, Multifaceted System for Arterial Pressure Regulation (p. 226)
Chapter 20: Cardiac Output, Venous Return, and Their Regulation
Control of Cardiac Output by Venous Return-Role of the Frank-Starling Mechanism of the Heart (p. 229)
Pathologically High and Pathologically Low Cardiac Output (p. 232)
A More Quantitative Analysis of Cardiac Output Regulation (p. 238)
Methods for Measuring Cardiac Output
Chapter 21: Muscle Blood Flow and Cardiac Output During Exercise; the Coronary Circulation and Ischemic Heart Disease
Blood Flow in Skeletal Muscle Increases Markedly During Exercise (p. 243)
Coronary Circulation (p. 246)
Chapter 22: Cardiac Failure
Dynamics of the Circulation in Cardiac Failure (p. 255)
Unilateral Left Heart Failure (p. 259)
"High-Output Cardiac Failure"-This Can Occur Even in a Normal Heart That Is Overloaded (p. 263)
Low-Output Cardiac Failure-Cardiogenic Shock (p. 259)
Chapter 23: Heart Valves and Heart Sounds; Valvular and Congenital Heart Defects
Abnormal Circulatory Dynamics Associated with Congenital Cardiac Defects (p. 269)
Chapter 24: Circulatory Shock and Its Treatment
Shock Caused by Hypovolemia-Hemorrhagic Shock (p. 274)
Physiology of Treatment in Shock (p. 280)
Other Effects of Shock on the Body
Unit V: The Body Fluids and Kidneys
Chapter 25: The Body Fluid Compartments: Extracellular and IntracellularFluids; Edema
Fluid Intake and Output Are Balanced During Steady-State Conditions (p. 285)
Total Body Fluid Is Distributed between the Extracellular Fluid and the Intracellular Fluid (p. 286)
The Indicator-Dilution Principle Can Be Used to Measure Volumes of Body Fluid Compartments (p. 287)
Intracellular and Extracellular Fluid Distribution Is Determined Mainly by the Osmotic Effect of Electrolytes Acting across the Cell Membrane (p. 290)
Volumes and Osmolarities of Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids in Abnormal States (p. 292)
Edema: Excess Fluid in the Tissues (p. 296)
Chapter 26: Urine Formation by the Kidneys: I. Glomerular Filtration, Renal BloodFlow, and Their Control
Urine Formation Results from Glomerular Filtration, Tubular Reabsorption, and Tubular Secretion (p. 310)
Glomerular Filtration Is the First Step in Urine Formation (p. 312)
Glomerular Filtration and Renal Blood Flow Are Controlled by Neurohumoral Systems and Intrarenal Mechanisms (p. 317)
Chapter 27: Urine Formation by the Kidneys: II. Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion
Renal Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion (p. 323)
Reabsorption and Secretion Along Various Parts of the Nephron (p. 329)
Regulation of Tubular Reabsorption (p. 334)
Use of Clearance Methods to Quantify Kidney Function (p. 340)
Chapter 28: Urine Concentration and Dilution; Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration
Kidneys Excrete Excess Water by Forming Dilute Urine (p. 345)
Kidneys Conserve Water by Excreting Concentrated Urine (p. 346)
Quantifying the Renal Urine Concentration and Dilution with ``Free-Water´´ and Osmolar Clearances (p. 354)
Control of Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration (p. 355)
Importance of Thirst in Controlling Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration (p. 357)
Chapter 29: Renal Regulation of Potassium, Calcium, Phosphate, and Magnesium; Integration of Renal Mechanisms for Control of Blood Volume and Extracellular Fluid Volume
Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Potassium Concentration and Potassium Excretion (p. 361)
Control of Renal Calcium Excretion and Extracellular Calcium Ion Concentration (p. 367)
Integration of Renal Mechanisms for Control of Extracellular Fluid Volume (p. 370)
Importance of Pressure Natriuresis and Pressure Diuresis for Maintaining Body Sodium and Fluid Balance (p. 371)
Distribution of Extracellular Fluid Between the Interstitial Spaces and Vascular System (p. 373)
Nervous and Hormonal Factors Increase the Effectiveness of Renal-Body Fluid Feedback (p. 373)
Integrated Responses to Changes in Sodium Intake (p. 376)
Conditions That Cause Large Increases in Blood Volume and Extracellular Fluid Volume (p. 376)
Conditions That Cause Large Increases in Extracellular Fluid Volume but with Normal Blood Volume (p. 377)
Chapter 30: Acid-Base Regulation
Defenses against Changes in Hydrogen Ion Concentration: Buffers, Lungs, and Kidneys (p. 380)
Buffering of Hydrogen Ions in the Body Fluids (p. 380)
Respiratory Regulation of Acid-Base Balance (p. 384)
Renal Control of Acid-Base Balance (p. 385)
Combination of Excess Hydrogen Ions with Phosphate and Ammonia Buffers in the Tubules-A Mechanism for Generating "New" Bicarbonate lons (p. 388)
Quantifying Renal Tubular Acid Secretion (p. 389)
Renal Correction of Acidosis-Increased Excretion of Hydrogen Ions and Addition of New Bicarbonate Ions to the Extracellular Fluid (p. 391)
Renal Correction of Alkalosis-Decreased Tubular Secretion of Hydrogen Ions and Increased Excretion of Bicarbonate Ions (p. 391)
Chapter 31: Diuretics, Kidney Diseases
Diuretics and Their Mechanisms of Action (p. 397)
Unit VI: Blood Cells, Immunity, and Blood Coagulation
Chapter 32: Red Blood Cells, Anemia, and Polycythemia
Regulation of Red Blood Cell Production-The Role of Erythropoietin (p. 416)
Chapter 33: Resistance of the Body to Infection: I. Leukocytes, Granulocytes, the Monocyte-Macrophage System, and Inflammation
Neutrophils and Macrophages Defend against Infections (p. 425)
Inflammation: Role of Neutrophils and Macrophages (p. 428)
Chapter 34: Resistance of the Body to Infection: II. Immunity and Allergy InnateImmunity
Innate and Acquired Immunity
Specific Attributes of the B-Lymphocyte System-Humoral Immunity and the Antibodies (p. 437)
Special Attributes of the T-Lymphocyte System-Activated T Cells and Cell-Mediated Immunity (p. 439)
Tolerance of the Acquired Immunity System to Ones Own Tissues-Role of Preprocessing in the Thymus and Bone Marrow (p. 442)
Allergy and Hypersensitivity (p. 443)
Chapter 35: Blood Types; Transfusion; Tissue and Organ Transplantation
O-A-B Blood Types (p. 445)
Transplantation of Tissues and Organs (p. 449)
Chapter 36: Hemostasis and Blood Coagulation
Mechanism of Blood Coagulation (p. 453)
Conditions That Cause Excessive Bleeding in Human Beings (p. 457)
Thromboembolic Conditions in the Human Beings (p. 459)
Anticoagulants for Clinical Use (p. 459)
Chapter 37: Pulmonary Ventilation
Mechanics of Pulmonary Ventilation (p. 465)
Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities (p. 469)
Minute Respiratory Volume and Alveolar Ventilation (p. 471)
Functions of the Respiratory Passageways (p. 472)
Chapter 38: Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid
Physiologic Anatomy of the Pulmonary Circulatory System (p. 477)
Pressures in the Pulmonary System (p. 477)
Blood Volume of the Lungs (p. 478)
Blood Flow through the Lungs and Its Distribution (p. 479)
Effect of Hydrostatic Pressure Gradients in the Lungs on Regional Pulmonary Blood Flow (p. 479)
Pulmonary Capillary Fluid Dynamics (p. 481)
Fluid in the Pleural Cavity (p. 483)
Chapter 39: Physical Principles of Gas Exchange; Diffusion of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide through the Respiratory Membrane
Physics of Gas Diffusion and Gas Partial Pressures (p. 485)
Composition of Alveolar Air and Its Relation to Atmospheric Air (p. 487)
Diffusion of Gases through the Respiratory Membrane (p. 489)
Effect of the Ventilation-Perfusion Ratio on Alveolar Gas Concentration (p. 492)
Chapter 40: Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Blood and Tissue Fluids
Diffusion of Oxygen from the Alveoli to the Pulmonary Capillary Blood (p. 495)
Transport of Oxygen in Blood (p. 496)
Transport of Carbon Dioxide in Blood (p. 502)
Chapter 41: Regulation of Respiration
Respiratory Center (p. 505)
Chemical Control of Respiration (p. 507)
Peripheral Chemoreceptor System for Control of Respiratory Activity-Role of Oxygen in Respiratory Control (p. 508)
Regulation of Respiration During Exercise (p. 510)
Chapter 42: Respiratory Insufficiency-Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Oxygen Therapy
Methods for Studying Respiratory Abnormalities (p. 515)
Measurement of Maximum Expiratory Flow (p. 516)
Physiologic Peculiarities of Specific Pulmonary Abnormalities (p. 517)
Hypoxia and Oxygen Therapy (p. 520)
Unit VIII: Aviation, Space, and Deep-Sea Diving Physiology
Chapter 43: Aviation, High-Altitude, and Space Physiology
Effects of Low Oxygen Pressure on the Body (p. 527)
Weightlessness in Space (p. 533)
Chapter 44: Physiology of Deep-Sea Diving and Other Hyperbaric Conditions
Effect of High Partial Pressures of Individual Gases on the Body (p. 535)
Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (p. 540)
Unit IX: The Nervous System: A. General Principles and Sensory Physiology
Chapter 45: Organization of the Nervous System, Basic Functions of Synapses, and Neurotransmitters
General Design of the Nervous System (p. 543)
Central Nervous System Synapses (p. 546)
Synaptic Transmission Exhibits Special Characteristics (p. 557)
Chapter 46: Sensory Receptors, Neuronal Circuits for Processing Information
Sensory Receptors (p. 559)
Sensory Receptors (p. 560)
Physiological Classification of Nerve Fibers (p. 563)
Transmission and Processing of Signals in Neuronal Pools (p. 564)
Chapter 47: Somatic Sensations: I. General Organization, the Tactileand Position Senses
Classification of Somatic Senses (p. 571)
Detection and Transmission of Tactile Sensations (p. 571)
Sensory Pathways for Transmitting Somatic Signals into the Central Nervous System (p. 573)
Transmission in the DC-ML System (p. 573)
Chapter 48: Somatic Sensations: II. Pain, Headache,and Thermal Sensations
Pain Sensation: Fast and Slow Pain Classification (p. 583)
Three Types of Stimuli (p. 583)
Dual Pathways for Transmission of Pain Signals into the Central Nervous System (p. 584)
Pain Suppression ("Analgesia") System in the Brain and Spinal Cord (p. 586)
Unit X: The Nervous System: B. The Special Senses
Chapter 49: The Eye: I. Optics of Vision
Physical Principles of Optics (p. 597)
Optics of the Eye (p. 600)
Chapter 50: The Eye: II. Receptor and Neural Function of the Retina
Anatomy and Function of the Structural Elements of the Retina (p. 609)
Photochemistry of Vision (p. 611)
Neural Functions of the Retina (p. 616)
Chapter 51: The Eye: III. CentralNeurophysiology of Vision
Organization and Functions of the Visual Cortex (p. 624)
Neuronal Patterns of Stimulation During Analysis of the Visual Image (p. 626)
Autonomic Control of Accommodation and Pupillary Aperture (p. 631)
Chapter 52: The Sense of Hearing
Tympanic Membrane and the Ossicular System (p. 633)
Central Auditory Mechanisms (p. 639)
Chapter 53: The Chemical Senses-Taste and Smell
The Primary Sensations of Taste (p. 645)
Unit XI: The Nervous System: C. Motor and Integrative Neurophysiology
Chapter 54: Motor Functions of the Spinal Cord; the Cord Reflexes
Organization of the Spinal Cord for Motor Functions (p. 655)
Muscle Sensory Receptors-Muscle Spindles and Golgi Tendon Organs-and Their Roles in Muscle Control (p. 657)
Flexor Reflex and the Withdrawal Reflexes (p. 661)
Crossed Extensor Reflex (p. 663)
Reflexes of Posture and Locomotion (p. 663)
Spinal Cord Transection and Spinal Shock (p. 665)
Chapter 55: Cortical and Brain Stem Control of Motor Function
Motor Cortex and Corticospinal Tract (p. 667)
Transmission of Signals from the Motor Cortex to the Muscles (p. 669)
Role of the Brain Stem in Controlling Motor Function
Vestibular Sensations and Maintenance of Equilibrium
Chapter 56: Contributions of the Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia to Overall Motor Control
Cerebellum and Its Motor Functions (p. 681)
Neuronal Circuit of the Cerebellum (p. 682)
Function of the Cerebellum in Overall Motor Control (p. 686)
Basal Ganglia-Their Motor Functions (p. 689)
Integration of the Many Parts of the Total Motor Control System (p. 694)
Chapter 57: Cerebral Cortex, Intellectual Functionsof the Brain, Learning, and Memory
Physiologic Anatomy of the Cerebral Cortex (p. 697)
Functions of Specific Cortical Areas (p. 698)
Thoughts, Consciousness, and Memory (p. 705)
Chapter 58: Behavioral and Motivational Mechanisms of the Brain-The LimbicSystem and the Hypothalamus
Activating Driving Systems of the Brain (p. 711)
Neurohormonal Control of Brain Activity (p. 712)
Specific Functions of Other Parts of the Limbic System (p. 718)
Chapter 59: States of Brain Activity-Sleep,Brain Waves, Epilepsy, Psychoses
Psychotic Behavior and Dementia-Roles of Specific Neurotransmitter Systems (p. 726)
Chapter 60: The Autonomic Nervous System and the Adrenal Medulla
General Organization of the Autonomic Nervous System (p. 729)
Basic Characteristics of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Function (p. 731)
Pharmacology of the Autonomic Nervous System (p. 739)
Chapter 61: Cerebral Blood Flow, Cerebrospinal Fluid, and Brain Metabolism
Cerebral Blood Flow (p. 743)
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) System (p. 746)
Brain Metabolism (p. 749)
Unit XII: Gastrointestinal Physiology
Chapter 62: General Principles of Gastrointestinal Function-Motility, Nervous Control,and Blood Circulation
General Principles of Gastrointestinal Motility (p. 753)
Neural Control of Gastrointestinal Function: Enteric Nervous System (p. 755)
Functional Movements in the Gastrointestinal Tract (p. 759)
Gastrointestinal Blood Flow: Splanchnic Circulation (p. 759)
Chapter 63: Propulsion and Mixing of Food in the Alimentary Tract
Ingestion of Food (p. 763)
Motor Functions of the Stomach (p. 765)
Movements of the Small Intestine (p. 768)
Movements of the Colon (p. 770)
Chapter 64: Secretory Functions of the Alimentary Tract
General Principles of Alimentary Tract Secretion (p. 773)
Secretion of Saliva (p. 775)
Gastric Secretion (p. 777)
Pancreatic Secretion (p. 780)
Secretion of Bile by the Liver; Functions of the Biliary Tree (p. 783)
Secretions of the Small Intestine (p. 786)
Secretions of the Large Intestine (p. 787)
Chapter 65: Digestion and Absorption in the Gastrointestinal Tract
Digestion of Various Foods by Hydrolysis
Basic Principles of Gastrointestinal Absorption (p. 793)
Absorption in the Small Intestine (p. 794)
Absorption in the Large Intestine: Formation of Feces (p. 797)
Chapter 66: Physiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders
Disorders of Swallowing and the Esophagus (p. 799)
Disorders of the Stomach (p. 799)
Disorders of the Small Intestine (p. 801)
Disorders of the Large Intestine (p. 802)
General Disorders of the Gastrointestinal Tract (p. 803)
Unit XIII: Metabolism and Temperature Regulation
Chapter 67: Metabolism of Carbohydrates, and Formation of Adenosine Triphosphate
Transport of Glucose through the Cell Membrane (p. 810)
Storage of Glycogen in Liver and Muscle (p. 811)
Release of Energy from Glucose Molecules by the Glycolytic Pathway (p. 812)
Formation of ATP by Oxidation of Hydrogen: The Process of Oxidative Phosphorylation (p. 814)
Summary of ATP Formation during Breakdown of Glucose (p. 815)
Anaerobic Release of Energy-"Anaerobic Glycolysis" (p. 815)
Release of Energy from Glucose by the Pentose Phosphate Pathway (p. 816)
Formation of Carbohydrates from Proteins and Fats-Gluconeogenesis (p. 817)
Chapter 68: Lipid Metabolism
Transport of Lipids in Body Fluids (p. 819)
Use of Triglycerides for Energy (p. 822)
Phospholipids and Cholesterol (p. 826)
Chapter 69: Protein Metabolism
Transport and Storage of Amino Acids (p. 831)
Functional Roles of the Plasma Proteins (p. 833)
Hormonal Regulation of Protein Metabolism (p. 835)
Chapter 70: The Liver as an Organ
Hepatic Vascular and Lymph Systems (p. 837)
Metabolic Functions of the Liver (p. 839)
Measurement of Bilirubin in Bile as a Clinical Diagnostic Tool (p. 840)
Chapter 71: Dietary Balances; Regulation of Feeding; Obesity and Starvation; Vitamins and Minerals
Methods for Determining Utilization of Nutrients by the Body (p. 844)
Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Storage (p. 845)
Mineral Metabolism (p. 855)
Chapter 72: Energetics and Metabolic Rate
Anaerobic Versus Aerobic Energy (p. 860)
Chapter 73: Body Temperature Regulation, and Fever
Normal Body Temperatures (p. 867)
Regulation of Body Temperature-Role of the Hypothalamus (p. 871)
Abnormalities of Body Temperature Regulation (p. 875)
Unit XIV: Endocrinology and Reproduction
Chapter 74: Introduction to Endocrinology
Coordination of Body Functions by Chemical Messengers (p. 881)
Maintenance of Homeostasis and Regulation of Body Processes
Chemistry, Synthesis, Storage, and Secretion of Hormones (p. 881)
Mechanisms of Hormonal Action (p. 886)
Measurement of Hormone Concentrations in Blood (p. 891)
Chapter 75: Pituitary Hormones and Their Control by the Hypothalamus
Pituitary Gland and Its Relation to the Hypothalamus (p. 895)
Hypothalamus Controls Pituitary Secretion (p. 897)
Physiological Functions of GH (p. 898)
Posterior Pituitary Gland and Its Relation to the Hypothalamus (p. 904)
Chapter 76: Thyroid Metabolic Hormones
Synthesis and Secretion of Thyroid Hormones (p. 907)
Functions of Thyroid Hormones in the Tissues (p. 910)
Regulation of Thyroid Hormone Secretion (p. 914)
Diseases of the Thyroid (p. 916)
Chapter 77: Adrenocortical Hormones
Chemistry of Adrenocortical Secretion (p. 921)
Functions of the Mineralocorticoids-Aldosterone (p. 924)
Functions of the Glucocorticoids (p. 928)
Adrenal Androgens (p. 934)
Abnormalities of Adrenocortical Secretion (p. 934)
Chapter 78: Insulin, Glucagon, and Diabetes Mellitus
Chemistry, Synthesis, and Metabolism of Pancreatic Hormones (p. 939)
Insulin and Its Metabolic Effects (p. 941)
Glucagon and Its Functions (p. 947)
Somatostatin-Its Ability to Inhibit Glucagon and Insulin Secretion (p. 949)
Diabetes Mellitus (p. 950)
Chapter 79: Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, Vitamin D, Bone, and Teeth
Calcium and Phosphate in the Extracellular Fluid and Plasma-Function of Vitamin D (p. 960)
Bone and Its Relation to Extracellular Calcium and Phosphates (p. 957)
Parathyroid Hormone (p. 962)
Overall Control of Calcium Ion Concentration (p. 966)
Pathophysiology of Parathyroid and Bone Diseases (p. 967)
Physiology of the Teeth (p. 969)
Chapter 80: Reproductive and Hormonal Functions of the Male (and Function of the Pineal Gland)
Male Sex Hormones (p. 979)
Male Infertility (p. 985)
Chapter 81: Female Physiology Before Pregnancy and Female Hormones
Female Hormonal System (p. 987)
Monthly Ovarian Cycle (p. 988)
Functions of the Ovarian Hormones-Estradiol and Progesterone (p. 991)
Regulation of the Female Monthly Rhythm-Interplay between the Ovarian and Hypothalamic-Pituitary Hormones (p. 996)
Female Sexual Act (p. 1000)
Female Fertility (p. 1000)
Chapter 82: Pregnancy and Lactation
Transport, Fertilization, and Implantation of the Developing Ovum (p. 1003)
Function of the Placenta (p. 1005)
Hormonal Factors During Pregnancy (p. 1007)
Chapter 83: Fetal and Neonatal Physiology
Growth and Functional Development of the Fetus (p. 1019)
Adjustments of the Infant to Extrauterine Life (p. 1021)
Special Problems in the Neonate (p. 1023)
Unit XV: Sports Physiology
Chapter 84: Sports Physiology
Female and Male Athletes (p. 1031)
Muscles During Exercise (p. 1031)
Respiration During Exercise (p. 1036)
Cardiovascular System During Exercise (p. 1038)
Body Heat During Exercise (p. 1039)
Pocket Companion to Guyton & Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology
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