Chapter
CHAPTER 1
Overview of Kidney Function and Structure
TUBULAR FUNCTION: BASIC PRINCIPLES
SALT AND VOLUME REGULATION
REGULATION OF BODY FLUID POTASSIUM AND ACIDITY
RENAL HANDLING OF GLUCOSE AND AMINO ACIDS
CHAPTER 2
Clinical Evaluation of Kidney Function
DEFINITION OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE
GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE: THE KEY PARAMETER
WHY NOT USE SERUM CREATININE ALONE TO EVALUATE KIDNEY FUNCTION?
THE ROLE OF 24-HOUR URINE COLLECTIONS
CAVEATS IN THE ESTIMATION OF GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE
EVALUATION OF PROTEINURIA
RANDOM URINE SAMPLES VERSUS 24-HOUR URINE COLLECTIONS TO QUANTIFY PROTEINURIA
CAVEATS IN THE ESTIMATION OF PROTEINURIA
OTHER SIGNS OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE
EVALUATING KIDNEY FUNCTION IN ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY
SPECIMEN COLLECTION AND HANDLING
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE URINE
MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF THE SPUN URINARY SEDIMENT
CHAPTER 4
Hematuria and Proteinuria
CHAPTER 5
Imaging the Kidneys
KIDNEY IMAGING TECHNIQUES
SECTION II Acid-Base, Fluid, and Electrolyte Disorders
CHAPTER 6
Hyponatremia and Hypo-osmolar Disorders
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF HYPONATREMIA
DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH AND PATHOGENESIS
COMPLICATIONS OF HYPERNATREMIA
CHAPTER 8
Metabolic Acidosis
OVERVIEW OF ACID-BASE BALANCE
EVALUATION OF URINARY ACIDIFICATION
COMPLICATIONS OF ACIDOSIS
APPROACH TO ACID-BASE DISORDERS
CHAPTER 9
Metabolic Alkalosis
METABOLIC ALKALOSIS DUE TO EXOGENOUS BICARBONATE LOADS
METABOLIC ALKALOSIS ASSOCIATED WITH EXTRACELLULAR FLUID VOLUME CONTRACTION, K+ DEPLETION, AND SECONDARY HYPERRENINEMIC HYPERALDOSTERONISM
METABOLIC ALKALOSIS ASSOCIATED WITH EXTRACELLULAR FLUID VOLUME EXPANSION, HYPERTENSION, AND HYPERALDOSTERONISM
SYMPTOMS OF METABOLIC ALKALOSIS
TREATMENT OF METABOLIC ALKALOSIS
CHAPTER 10
Respiratory Acidosis and Alkalosis
CHAPTER 11
Approach to Acid-Base Disorders
ACIDEMIA, ALKALEMIA, ACIDOSIS, AND ALKALOSIS
SIMPLE (SINGLE) ACID-BASE DISTURBANCES AND COMPENSATION
MIXED ACID-BASE DISTURBANCES
CHAPTER 12
Disorders of Potassium Metabolism
MECHANISMS OF POTASSIUM HOMEOSTASIS
LABORATORY TESTS FOR DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF POTASSIUM DISORDERS
CHAPTER 13
Disorders of Calcium and Phosphorus
DISORDERS OF MINERAL METABOLISM
CHAPTER 14
Disorders of Magnesium Homeostasis
CHAPTER 15
Edema and the Clinical Use of Diuretics
THE PHYSIOLOGIC BASIS OF DIURETIC ACTION
ADAPTATION TO DIURETIC DRUGS
COMPLICATIONS OF DIURETIC TREATMENT
DIURETIC TREATMENT OF EDEMA
DIURETIC RESISTANCE: CAUSES AND TREATMENT
SECTION III Glomerular Diseases
CHAPTER 16 Glomerular Clinicopathologic Syndromes
ASYMPTOMATIC HEMATURIA AND RECURRENT GROSS HEMATURIA
ACUTE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS AND RAPIDLY PROGRESSIVE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
GLOMERULONEPHRITIS ASSOCIATEDWITH SYSTEMIC DISEASES
ASYMPTOMATIC PROTEINURIAAND NEPHROTIC SYNDROME
CHRONIC GLOMERULONEPHRITISAND END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE
KIDNEY BIOPSY: INDICATIONSAND METHODS
CHAPTER 17 Minimal Change Nephrotic
Syndrome
CHAPTER 18 Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
CHAPTER 19
Membranous Nephropathy
TREATMENT OF SECONDARY MEMBRANOUS GLOMERULAR NEPHROPATHY
NATURAL HISTORY AND TREATMENT GOALS OF IDIOPATHIC MEMBRANOUS GLOMERULAR NEPHROPATHY
TREATMENT OF IDIOPATHIC MEMBRANOUS GLOMERULAR NEPHROPATHY
CHAPTER 20 Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy and
Related Disorders
HENOCH-SCHÖNLEIN PURPURA NEPHRITIS
CHAPTER 21
Goodpasture’s Syndrome and Other Anti.Glomerular Basement Membrane Diseases
SECTION IV The Kidney in Systemic Disease
CHAPTER 22 Postinfectious Glomerulonephritis
ETIOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
PROGNOSTIC INDICATORS AND OUTCOME
CHAPTER 23
Kidney Involvement in Systemic Vasculitis
CHAPTER 24 Renal Manifestations of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
RENAL INVOLVEMENT IN SUBSETS OF PATIENTS WITH SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS
SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS OF LUPUS NEPHRITIS
CHAPTER 25 Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology of Diabetic Nephropathy
NATURAL COURSE OF DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY
STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIPS IN DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY
NOVEL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES
CHAPTER 26
Management of Diabetic Nephropathy
CHAPTER 27
Dysproteinemias and Amyloidosis
IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT-CHAIN METABOLISM AND CLINICAL DETECTION
GLOMERULAR LESIONS OF PLASMA CELL DYSCRASIAS
TUBULOINTERSTITIAL LESIONS OF PLASMA CELL DYSCRASIAS
WALDENSTRÖM MACROGLOBULINEMIA
CHAPTER 28
Thrombotic Microangiopathies
THROMBOTIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA
HEMOLYTIC UREMIC SYNDROME
ANTI-PHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME
CHAPTER 29
Kidney Disorders in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE DISORDERS
CHAPTER 30
Kidney Function in Congestive Heart Failure
HETEROGENEITY OF THE SYNDROME “CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE”
ACUTE KIDNEY FAILURE IN CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE
HYPONATREMIA IN CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE
MANAGEMENT OF CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE
CHAPTER 31
Renal Function in Liver Disease
NATURAL COURSE OF KIDNEY DYSFUNCTION IN CIRRHOSIS
MANAGEMENT OF KIDNEY DYSFUNCTION AND ASCITES IN CIRRHOSIS
TREATMENT AT DIFFERENT PHASES OF THE DISEASE
SECTION V Acute Kidney Injury
CHAPTER 32
Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury
CELL DEATH, REPAIR, AND REGENERATION
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
CHAPTER
33 Clinical Approach to the Diagnosis of Acute Renal Failure
ACUTE VERSUS CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE
CLASSIFICATION OF ACUTE RENAL FAILURE
PRERENAL ACUTE RENAL FAILURE
POSTRENAL ACUTE RENAL FAILURE: OBSTRUCTIVE UROPATHY
INTRINSIC OR INTRARENAL ACUTE RENAL FAILURE
CHAPTER 34 Kidney Function Impairment Caused by Therapeutic Agents
DRUG-RELATED RENAL FAILURE
SPECIFIC AGENTS CAUSING IMPAIRMENT OF KIDNEY FUNCTION
CHAPTER 35
Cholesterol Atheroembolic Kidney Disease
CHAPTER 36
Myoglobinuric and Hemoglobinuric Acute Kidney Injury
HEMOGLOBINURIC ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY
CHAPTER 37
Management of Acute Kidney Injury
NONDIALYTIC KIDNEY SUPPORT
NUTRITION, ERYTHROPOIETIN, AND THERAPEUTIC AGENTS
RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY
KIDNEY RECOVERY AND PROGNOSIS
SECTION VI Drugs and the Kidney
CHAPTER 38 Analgesics and the Kidney
PROSTAGLANDIN BIOSYNTHESIS AND ACTIONS
VASOMOTOR ACUTE RENAL FAILURE INDUCED BY NONSTEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS
IMPACT OF NONSTEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS ON SODIUM AND WATER BALANCE
GLOMERULAR AND INTERSTITIAL DISEASE INDUCED BY NONSTEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS
RENIN RELEASE, HYPERKALEMIA, AND NONSTEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS
CLASSIC ANALGESIC NEPHROPATHY
CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE INDUCED BY NONSTEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS AND ACETAMINOPHEN
CHAPTER 39
Principles of Drug Therapy in Patients with Reduced Kidney Function
EFFECT OF REDUCED KIDNEY FUNCTION ON DRUG ABSORPTION
EFFECT OF REDUCED KIDNEY FUNCTION ON DRUG DISTRIBUTION
EFFECT OF REDUCED KIDNEY FUNCTION ON METABOLISM
EFFECT OF REDUCED KIDNEY FUNCTION ON RENAL EXCRETION
STRATEGIES FOR DRUG THERAPY INDIVIDUALIZATION
SECTION VII Hereditary Kidney
Disorders
CHAPTER 40
Genetically Based Renal Transport Disorders
DISORDERS OF PROXIMAL TUBULAR TRANSPORT FUNCTION
DISORDERS OF TRANSPORT IN THE MEDULLARY THICK ASCENDING LIMB OF HENLE
DISORDERS OF TRANSPORT IN THE DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE
DISORDERS OF TRANSPORT IN THE COLLECTING TUBULE
CHAPTER 41
Sickle Cell Nephropathy
RENAL HEMODYNAMICS IN SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
BLOOD PRESSURE IN SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
SICKLE CELL GLOMERULOPATHY
RENAL CONCENTRATING DEFECTS
ACIDIFICATION AND POTASSIUM EXCRETION DEFECTS
OTHER TUBULAR ABNORMALITIES
RENAL MEDULLARY CARCINOMA
CHAPTER 42
Polycystic and Other Cystic Kidney Diseases
AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE
AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE
TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS COMPLEX
VON HIPPEL-LINDAU DISEASE
ACQUIRED CYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE
CHAPTER 43
Nephronophthisis and Medullary Cystic Kidney Disease
CLINICAL FEATURES AND DIAGNOSIS
CHAPTER 44
Alport’s Syndrome and Related Disorders
APPROACH TO THE PATIENT WITH HEREDITARY NEPHRITIS
SECTION VIII Tubulointerstitial
Nephropathies and
Disorders of the
Urinary Tract
CHAPTER 45
Acute and Chronic Tubulointerstitial Disease
ACUTE TUBULOINTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS
DISTINCT CAUSES OF ACUTE INTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS
CHRONIC TUBULOINTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS
DISTINCT CAUSES OF CHRONIC TUBULOINTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS
CHAPTER 46
Obstructive Uropathy
ETIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND DIAGNOSIS
CHAPTER 47
Nephrolithiasis
LABORATORY (METABOLIC) EVALUATION
SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF STONES
CHAPTER 48
Urinary Tract Infection
ACUTE UNCOMPLICATED URINARY TRACT INFECTION
ACUTE NONOBSTRUCTIVE PYELONEPHRITIS
COMPLICATED URINARY TRACT INFECTION
ASYMPTOMATIC URINARY TRACT INFECTION
SECTION IX The Kidney in Special
Circumstances
CHAPTER 49 The
Kidney in Infants and Children
KIDNEY DEVELOPMENT AND MATURATION
FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE BALANCE
NORMAL BLOOD PRESSURE AND HYPERTENSION
CHAPTER 50
The Kidney in Pregnancy
KIDNEY ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY IN PREGNANCY
HYPERTENSIVE DISORDERS OF PREGNANCY
KIDNEY DISEASE IN PREGNANCY
TREATMENT OF END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE DURING PREGNANCY
CHAPTER 51
The Kidney in Aging
AGE-RELATED CHANGES IN KIDNEY FUNCTION AND STRUCTURE
AGE-RELATED ALTERATIONS IN FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE HOMEOSTASIS
DISORDERS OF ACID-BASE BALANCE IN AGING
CALCIUM, PHOSPHORUS, AND MAGNESIUM DISORDERS IN AGING
KIDNEY DISEASE IN THE ELDERLY
EXPERIMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH
SECTION X Chronic Kidney
Disease
and its
Therapy
CHAPTER 52
Pathophysiology of Chronic Kidney Disease
STAGES OF PROGRESSION OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE
MECHANISMS OF RENAL DISEASE PROGRESSION
CLINICAL EVIDENCE OF THE ROLES OF HYPERTENSION AND PROTEINURIA IN PROGRESSION OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE
PREVENTION OF PROGRESSION OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE
COMPLICATIONS OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE
CHAPTER 53
Staging and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease
DEFINITION AND STAGING OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE
EVALUATION AND MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER 54
Hemodialysis and Hemofiltration
STRUCTURE OF HEMODIALYZERS AND HEMOFILTERS
TYPES OF EXTRACORPOREAL THERAPY FOR KIDNEY FAILURE
HEMODIALYSIS AND HEMOFILTRATION MEMBRANES
WATER TRANSPORT AND SOLUTE CLEARANCE PROFILES
HEMODIALYSIS AND HEMOFILTRATION MACHINES
INDICATIONS AND SCHEDULES FOR HEMODIALYSIS AND HEMOFILTRATION
COMPLICATIONS OF HEMODIALYSIS
DRUG USAGE IN HEMODIALYSIS
CARE OF PATIENTS UNDERGOING CHRONIC HEMODIALYSIS
CHAPTER 55 Peritoneal Dialysis
PRINCIPLES OF PERITONEAL DIALYSIS
TECHNIQUES OF PERITONEAL DIALYSIS
MANAGEMENT OF PERITONEAL DIALYSIS
COMPLICATIONS OF PERITONEAL DIALYSIS
OUTCOMES OF PERITONEAL DIALYSIS
PERITONEAL DIALYSIS FOR ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY
CHAPTER 56
Outcome of End-Stage Renal Disease Therapies
FACTORS INFLUENCING MORTALITY IN THE DIALYSIS POPULATION
FACTORS INFLUENCING CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE IN THE DIALYSIS POPULATION
COMPARISON OF KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION WITH DIALYSIS THERAPY
COMPARISONS AMONG DIALYSIS THERAPIES
CHAPTER 57
Nutrition and Kidney Disease
ALTERED NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS
NUTRITION ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE
NUTRITION IN ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY
INTRADIALYTIC NUTRITION SUPPORT
CHAPTER 58
Bone Disorders in Chronic Kidney Disease
PATHOGENESIS OF ABNORMAL MINERAL METABOLISM AND SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE
HISTOLOGIC CLASSIFICATIONS OF BONE DISEASE ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF BONE DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE
DIAGNOSIS OF BONE DISEASES ASSOCIATED WTIH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE
TREATMENT OF DISORDERED BONE AND MINERAL METABOLISM IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE
Chapter 59
Cardiac Function and Cardiovascular Disease in Chronic Kidney Disease
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE
TYPES OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
RISK FACTORS FOR CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
LEFT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY AND HEART FAILURE
ARRHYTHMIA AND SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH
CHAPTER 60
Hematologic Manifestations of Chronic Kidney Disease
OTHER HEMATOLOGIC MANIFESTATIONS OF KIDNEY DISEASE
CHAPTER 61
Endocrine and Neurologic Manifestations of Chronic Kidney Disease
NEUROLOGIC MANIFESTATIONS
CHAPTER 62
Selection of Prospective Kidney Transplant Recipients
WHO IS A CANDIDATE FOR KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION?
WHO IS A CANDIDATE FOR PANCREAS TRANSPLANTATION?
RISK OF RECURRENT KIDNEY DISEASE
GASTROINTESTINAL EVALUATION
ALLOCATION OF DECEASED-DONOR KIDNEYS IN THE UNITED STATES
CHAPTER 63
Post-transplantation Monitoring and Outcomes
THE ALLOIMMUNE RESPONSE AND REJECTION
POST-TRANSPLANTATION LABORATORY MONITORING
ALLOGRAFT DYSFUNCTION AND HISTOPATHOLOGY
CHRONIC AND LONG-TERM GRAFT DYSFUNCTION
LONG-TERM MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF THE KIDNEY TRANSPLANT RECIPIENT
CHAPTER 64
Pathogenesis of Hypertension
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF HYPERTENSION
AGENTS IMPLICATED IN HYPERTENSION
PATHOGENESIS OF HYPERTENSION IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE
CHAPTER 65
Evaluation and Management of Hypertension
EVALUATION OF THE HYPERTENSIVE PATIENT
ROUTINE EVALUATION IN ALL HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS
TREATMENT OF HYPERTENSION
CHAPTER 66
Secondary Hypertension
RENAL CAUSES OF SECONDARY HYPERTENSION
ENDOCRINE CAUSES OF SECONDARY HYPERTENSION
CARDIOVASCULAR AND CARDIOPULMONARY CAUSES OF SECONDARY HYPERTENSION
INHERITED CAUSES OF SECONDARY HYPERTENSION
Primer on Kidney Diseases
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