Chapter
Ventilation-Perfusion Relationships
Abnormalities in Gas Exchange
2 Presentation of the Patient with Pulmonary Disease
3 Evaluation of the Patient with Pulmonary Disease
Evaluation on a Macroscopic Level
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Perfusion and Ventilation Scanning
Positron Emission Tomography (Fluorodeoxyglucose Scanning)
Evaluation on a Microscopic Level
Assessment on a Functional Level
Interpretation of Normality in Pulmonary Function Testing
Patterns of Pulmonary Function Impairment
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Obtaining and Processing Specimens
Assessment on a Functional Level
4 Anatomic and Physiologic Aspects of Airways
Neural Control of Airways
Maximal Expiratory Effort
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Acquired (Environmental) Factors
Airway Inflammation and Bronchial Hyperresponsiveness
Common Provocative Stimuli
Late-Phase Asthmatic Response
Respiratory Tract Infection
Agents with Specific Targeted Action
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Clinical Features and Diagnostic Approach
6 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Functional Abnormalities in Airways Disease
Functional Abnormalities in Emphysema
Mechanisms of Abnormal Gas Exchange
Diagnostic Approach and Assessment
Etiology and Pathogenesis
7 Miscellaneous Airway Diseases
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Etiology and Pathogenesis
8 Anatomic and Physiologic Aspects of the Pulmonary Parenchyma
9 Overview of Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Diseases
Pathology of Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias
End-Stage Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease
Abnormalities in Small Airways Function
Disturbances in Gas Exchange
10 Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Diseases Associated with Known Etiologic Agents
Diseases Caused by Inhaled Inorganic Dusts
Coal Worker’s Pneumoconiosis
Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
Drug-Induced Parenchymal Lung Disease
Radiation-Induced Lung Disease
Diseases Caused by Inhaled Inorganic Dusts
Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
Drug-Induced Parenchymal Lung Disease
Radiation-Induced Lung Disease
11 Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Diseases of Unknown Etiology
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Other Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias
Pulmonary Parenchymal Involvement Complicating Connective Tissue Disease
Miscellaneous Disorders Involving the Pulmonary Parenchyma
Pulmonary Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
Chronic Eosinophilic Pneumonia
Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Other Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias
Pulmonary Parenchymal Involvement Complicating Connective Tissue Disease
Miscellaneous Disorders Involving the Pulmonary Parenchyma
12 Anatomic and Physiologic Aspects of the Pulmonary Vasculature
Pulmonary Vascular Resistance
Distribution of Pulmonary Blood Flow
Pulmonary Vascular Response to Hypoxia
Other Aspects of Pulmonary Vascular Physiology
Etiology and Pathogenesis
14 Pulmonary Hypertension
Specific Disorders Associated with Pulmonary Hypertension
Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension and Related Disorders (Group 1 PAH)
Pulmonary Hypertension Owing to Left Heart Disease (Group 2 PH)
Pulmonary Hypertension Owing to Lung Disease and/or Hypoxia (Group 3 PH)
Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension (Group 4 PH)
Pulmonary Hypertension with Unclear Multifactorial Mechanisms (Group 5 PH)
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension and Related Disorders
Pulmonary Hypertension Related to Lung Disease
Chronic Pulmonary Thromboembolism
Pulmonary Hypertension Associated with Left Heart Disease
Pulmonary Hypertension Associated with Multifactorial Mechanisms
Pathogenesis of Pleural Fluid Accumulation
Etiology of Pleural Effusion
Transudative Pleural Fluid
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Anterior Mediastinal Masses
Middle Mediastinal Masses
Posterior Mediastinal Masses
Etiology and Pathogenesis
17 Anatomic and Physiologic Aspects of Neural, Muscular, and Chest Wall Interactions with the Lungs
Organization of Respiratory Control
The Respiratory Generator
Input from Other Regions of the Central Nervous System
Input from Other Receptors
Ventilatory Response to Hypercapnia and Hypoxia
Ventilatory Response to Other Stimuli
18 Disorders of Ventilatory Control
Primary Neurologic Disease
Presentation with Hyperventilation
Presentation with Hypoventilation
Abnormal Patterns of Breathing
Control Abnormalities Secondary to Lung Disease
Primary Neurologic Disease
Control Abnormalities Secondary to Lung Disease
19 Disorders of the Respiratory Pump
Neuromuscular Disease Affecting the Muscles of Respiration
Pathophysiology and Clinical Consequences
Unilateral Diaphragmatic Paralysis
Bilateral Diaphragmatic Paralysis
Diseases Affecting the Chest Wall
Neuromuscular Disease Affecting the Muscles of Respiration
Diseases Affecting the Chest Wall
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Concepts for Lung Cancer Pathogenesis
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Symptoms Relating to Primary Lung Lesion
Symptoms Relating to Nodal and Distant Metastasis
Diagnostic Screening for Lung Cancer
Bronchial Carcinoid Tumors
Solitary Pulmonary Nodule
Lung Cancer: General Reviews and Clinical Aspects
Lung Cancer: Diagnostic Approaches
Solitary Pulmonary Nodule
22 Lung Defense Mechanisms
Physical or Anatomic Factors
Phagocytic and Inflammatory Cells
Pulmonary Alveolar Macrophages
Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes
Adaptive Immune Responses
Humoral Immune Mechanisms
Cellular Immune Mechanisms
Failure of Respiratory Defense Mechanisms
Impairment of Physical Clearance
Impairment of Antimicrobial Peptides
Impairment of Phagocytic and Inflammatory Cells
Defects in the Adaptive Immune System
Augmentation of Respiratory Defense Mechanisms
Augmentation of Respiratory Defense Mechanisms
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Therapeutic Approach: General Principles and Antibiotic Susceptibility
Initial Management Strategies Based on Clinical Setting of Pneumonia
Community-Acquired Pneumonia
Nosocomial (Hospital-Acquired) Pneumonia
Intrathoracic Complications of Pneumonia
Respiratory Infections Associated with Bioterrorism
Pneumonia Caused by Specific Organisms
Respiratory Infections Associated with Bioterrorism
24 Tuberculosis and Nontuberculous Mycobacteria
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Nontuberculous Mycobacteria
Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Approach
Nontuberculous Mycobacteria
25 Miscellaneous Infections Caused by Fungi and Pneumocystis
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis
Chronic Necrotizing Pulmonary Aspergillosis
Fungal Infections (General References)
26 Pulmonary Complications in the Immunocompromised Host
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Infectious Complications of AIDS
Pneumocystis jiroveci Pneumonia
Other Bacterial Infection
Noninfectious Complications of AIDS
Pulmonary Vascular Disease
Diagnostic Evaluation of Pulmonary Infiltrates in AIDS
Pulmonary Complications in Non-HIV Immunocompromised Patients
Organ Transplant Recipients
Solid Organ Transplantation
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Treatment of Inflammatory Conditions
Primary Immunodeficiencies
Diagnostic Evaluation of Pulmonary Infiltrates in Non-HIV Immunocompromised Patients
Infectious Pulmonary Complications of HIV Infection
Noninfectious Complications of HIV Infection
Pulmonary Disease Associated with Non-HIV Immunodeficiency
27 Classification and Pathophysiologic Aspects of Respiratory Failure
Definition of Respiratory Failure
Classification of Acute Respiratory Failure
Hypercapnic/Hypoxemic Type
Presentation of Gas Exchange Failure
Pathogenesis of Gas Exchange Abnormalities
Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure
Hypercapnic/Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure
Clinical and Therapeutic Aspects of Hypercapnic/Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure
Respiratory Failure in Obstructive Lung Disease
Respiratory Failure in Neuromuscular and Chest Wall Disease
28 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Physiology of Fluid Movement in Alveolar Interstitium
Two Mechanisms of Fluid Accumulation
Injury via Pulmonary Circulation
Changes in Pulmonary Vasculature
Effects on Mechanical Properties of the Lungs
29 Management of Respiratory Failure
Goals of Supportive Therapy for Gas Exchange
Maintenance of Carbon Dioxide Elimination
Maintenance of Oxygenation
Reducing Work of Breathing
Complications of Mechanical Ventilation
Noninvasive Ventilatory Support for Acute Respiratory Failure
Selected Aspects of Therapy for Chronic Respiratory Failure
Chronic Ventilatory Support
Chronic Ventilatory Support
A Sample Problems Using Respiratory Equations
B Pulmonary Function Tests:
Analysis of Pulmonary Function Tests
Analysis of Acid-Base Status
Principles of Pulmonary Medicine
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