Cover

Biotechnology of Major Cereals

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Contents

Contributors

Foreword

1: Introduction: Biotechnology of Major Cereals

References

2: Genetic Transformation of Maize: Conventional Methods and Precision Genome Modification

Introduction

Genetic Transformation of Maize through Conventional Methods and Transgene Detection

Maize tissue culture

Germplasm

DNA Delivery Techniques and Target Tissues

Direct delivery methods

Agrobacterium-mediated transformation method and industrialization

Detection of Successful Delivery and Integration of DNA

Reporter gene detection

Molecular detection of transgenic events

Transgenic event characterization

Precision Genome Modification Technology Development

Zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), homologous recombination (HR), non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ)

Targeted integration at specific endogenous plant loci

Targeted integration at transgenic loci and gene stacking

In planta gene targeting

Selection for perfect targeted events using molecular tools; an example

Summary

References

3: Biotech Maize: Industry Development and Impact

Introduction

Commercial Biotech Maize Products

First-generation insect-resistance traits

Event 176

BT11

MON810

DBT418

CBH-351

TC1507

First-generation herbicide-tolerance traits

T25

GA21

NK603

Second-generation insect-resistance traits

MON863

DAS-59122-7

MON88017

MIR604

Third-generation improved IR/HT traits

MON89034

MIR162

5307

DAS-40278-9

DP4114

Output traits

Event 3272

Agronomic traits

MON87460

Seed production traits

MON87427

DP-32138-1

Trait Stacking and Insect-resistance Management

Future Outlook

References

4: Sorghum Genetic Transformation: Current Status and Future Target Traits

Introduction

Sorghum Transformation: State of the Art

Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration

Sorghum transformation

Microparticle bombardment

Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of sorghum

Improving transformation efficiency in sorghum

Agrobacterium strains and vectors

Genotype dependency

Promoters

Sequence-specific nucleases

Future Target Traits for Sorghum Improvement

Grain or seed yield

Grain quality

Prolamin

Starch

Vitamin A deficiency

Stress resistance traits

Abiotic stress

Biotic stress

Biofuel traits

Potential for molecular farming in sorghum

Perspectives

References

5: Barley as a Cereal Model for Biotechnology Applications

Introduction

Genetic Modification of Barley

High-throughput, Agrobacterium-mediated barley transformation

Embryo isolation

Agrobacterium strain and constructs

Selection of transgenic plants

Confirming transformation – determination of transgene copy number

Biotechnology Applications

Overexpression

RNAi-based gene silencing

Genome editing

Metabolic engineering

Remaining challenges

Barley as a Cereal Model – Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgements

References

6: Wheat Biotechnology: Recent Developments and Future Trends

Importance of Wheat as a Global Crop

Current Status of Commercial Biotech Wheat

Methods for Genetic Transformation

Genotypes

Target explants

Commonly used in vitro selection systems

Molecular Refinements for Biotechnology

Targeting expression (promoters)

Targeting protein localization (transit peptides)

Future Trends and Final Remarks

Acknowledgements

References

7: The Long and Winding Road of Rice Genetic Modification Technology and its Potential

Introduction

Rice Genetic Transformation: Delivery Methods

Applications of Genetic Engineering in Rice

Gene knockdown

Gene insertion

Gene validation

Genome Editing – Recent Development of Genome Engineering

Tools and mode of action

Applications in rice

Pipeline for Rice Product Development

Concluding Remarks

References

8: Setaria viridis: A Model for C4 Crop Biotechnology

Introduction

Model for Grasses and C4 Photosynthesis

Resource Development

References

9: Genome Editing in Cereals: Current Status and Future Potential

Introduction

Current Genome Editing Technologies

Programmable site-directed nucleases

ZFN (zinc finger nucleases)

TALENs (transcription activator-like effector nucleases)

CRISPR (clustered, regularly-interspaced, short palindromic repeats)

ODM (oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis)

Range of Genetic Changes Possible

Potential Research and Breeding Targets

References

10: Anther Culture for Doubled Haploids

Introduction

Materials and Method

Plant material and growth conditions

Collection of spikes and pretreatment

Sterilization

Anther intakes from spikes

Plant regeneration

Vernalization

Acclimatization

Colchicine treatment

Harvest

Conclusions

References

11: Chloroplast Transformation in Cereals

Introduction

The Chloroplast

The Chloroplast Genome

Plastid Transformation Methods in Green Plants and Algae

Vector Design for Successful Integration of Foreign DNA into the Plastid Genome

Nuclear versus Chloroplast Transformation

Chloroplast Transformation in the Monocots

Bottlenecks and Outlook

References

12: Cross-species Silencing: Plant-mediated RNAi for Insect Control

Introduction

Mechanisms of RNAi in Insects

Screening Potential RNAi Target Genes from Insects

Applications of Plant-mediated RNAi for Insect Control in Agricultural Practice

Prospects

Acknowledgements

References

13: Acrylamide in Cereals: The Problem, and Potential Genetic and Agronomic Solutions

Introduction

Risk Represented by Dietary Acrylamide Exposure

Regulation

Acrylamide Forms in the Maillard Reaction

The Acrylamide ‘Toolbox’

Progress Towards Reducing the Acrylamide-forming Potential of Wheat and Rye

Analysis of current varieties

Environmental and crop management factors

Genetics and modelling

Current Advice and Concluding Remarks

References

14: Engineering Cereal Endosperm

Introduction

Endosperm Development

Stem cells and cellularization

Cell Cycle and Cell Identity

Implications for Yield

Endosperm as a Target for Genetic Improvement

Targeting transgene expression

Other Regulators of Transgene Expression

Targets for Genetic Modification

New Applications for Endosperm Engineering

Coeliac disease

Molecular pharming

References

15: Key Molecular and Metabolic Processes Used for Genetic Engineering to Improve Freezing Tolerance in Cereals

Introduction

Changes in the Initial Phase of Cold Acclimation

CBF transcription factors

OsMYB4 transcription factors

Changes During Prolonged Cold Acclimation

Carbohydrates

Proline

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

16: Mergers and Acquisitions in Global Ag-Biotech

Introduction

Ag-Biotech Companies: The Early History

General Comments on M&As

Summary of Leading Companies

GM Plants and Ag-Biotech M&A Activity in the 1980s and 1990s

M&A Activity 2013 to date

Future Perspectives

Postscript

References

Index

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