C

Contents

Editors’ Preface

Authors’ Preface

Acknowledgments

Part I - Counseling: A Process and a Profession

Chapter 1 - Counseling: Helping as a Professional Practice

Introduction

Helping as a Natural Human Experience

Counseling as a Helping Profession

The Formality of Professional Helping

The Expanded Goals of Professional Helping

The Process of Professional Helping

The Focus of the Helping Process

The Characteristics of a Professional Counselor

Self-Awareness

Facilitative Values and Disposition

Procedural Knowledge and Forward Thinking

Professional Identity

Challenges Encountered on the Road to Being a Professional: Recognizing One’s Responsibility

Maintaining Professional Competence

Employing Best Practice

Advocating for Improved Quality of Life

Fostering Improvement of Counseling as a Practice and Profession

Taking Care of Self

Counseling Keystones

Additional Resources

References

Chapter 2 - Counseling: The Practice of Facilitating Change

Introduction

Counseling: An Intentional Process of Change

Elements of the Counseling Process

A Caveat

The Elements

Working Jointly

Discovering the Client: Needs, Goals, and Resources

A Plan, a Strategy, and Then Action

Case Conceptualization

The Treatment Plan

The Organic and Dynamic Nature of Helping

Change: Movement Along a Continuum

A Continuum of Change

Counselor Interventions Along the Continuum of Change

The Fluidity of Stages

Challenges Encountered: Counseling Is Not Formulaic

Working With Children

Counseling Clients With a Multicultural Background

Working With Reluctant or Resistant Clients

Counseling Keystones

Additional Resources

References

Part II - The Elements and Dynamics of Counseling

Chapter 3 - The Counseling Relationship: A Unique Social Encounter

Introduction

Counseling: More Than a Social Encounter

The Counseling Relationship: Intentionally Created and Purposively Directed

Setting the Stage

The What, Why, and How of a Working Alliance

The What: Characteristics of a Working Alliance

The Why: Understanding the Value of and Need for a Working Alliance

The How: Counselor Disposition and Skills Necessary for Creating and Maintaining a Working Alliance

Counselor Attitudes and Dispositions Supporting a Working Alliance

Counselor Skills of Communicating Genuineness, Nonjudgment, and Empathic Understanding

Challenges to the Development and Maintenance of a Counseling Relationship

Challenges Emanating From the Client

Challenges Emanating From the Counselor

Challenges Emanating From the Counselor–Client Dynamics

Counseling Keystones

Additional Resources

Readings

Web Resources

References

Chapter 4 - Identifying What Is: Probing the Client’s Issues

Introduction

The Obvious Is Not Always So Obvious

Moving Toward Intimate Disclosure

Exception to “Normal” Progression of Disclosure

Skills Used in Indentifying the What Is

Questioning

Encouraging

Clarifying

Challenging

Summarizing

Informing

Interpreting

Moving From the Facts of the Story to the Meaning

Focusing the Client Inward

Probing for Meaning

From What Is to What Is Desired

Counseling Keystones

Additional Resources

Readings

Web Resources

References

Chapter 5 - Goal Setting: Identifying What Is Desired

Introduction

Why Goals?

Goals: Clear, Concrete, and Achievable

Specificity

Measurability

Attainability

Result

Time

Gain

Optimism

Appropriateness

Legitimate

Simplicity

Change Model and Goal Setting

Special Challenges and Considerations

Client’s Constricted Views

Client’s Confusing Strategy With Goals

Not Knowing Where to Start

Moving On to Strategies

Counseling Keystones

Additional Resources

References

Chapter 6 - Moving From What Is to What Is Desired

Introduction

Intervention Planning: Not Static, Nor a One-Time Event

The Use of Theory and Research as Guides to Intervention Planning

Theories: Framework for Making Meaning

Theories: All Equally Valuable and Useful?

Theories of Counseling: A Rich History

Contemporary Theories

A Model of Change and Goal Achievement

Identifying Pathways to Client Goals

Working With Exceptions

Brainstorming Creative Options

Assessing Possible Pathways

Implementing a Plan

Challenges to Progress

Client Resistance

Clients With Special Needs

Clients Exhibiting Reactance

Counseling Keystones

Additional Resources

References

Chapter 7 - Practice Accountability: An Ethical Mandate and a Practice Necessity

Introduction

The Practical and Ethical Impetus to Practice Assessment

Responding to Stakeholders

Professional Identity

Ethical Response

Assessing the Progress and Outcome of Counseling

Formative Assessment

Summative Evaluations and Outcome Measurement

Assessment as a Guide to Practice Decisions

Supervision

Referral

How to Make a Referral

Termination

Challenges to Accountability

Human Complexity

Defining Issues and Outcome

No Consensus

Limited Training in and Valuing of Accountability and Outcome Assessment

Counseling Keystones

Additional Resources

Readings

Web Resources

References

Part III - Counselor as Professional

Chapter 8 - Counselor Competence: An Ethical Precondition to Successful Intervention

Introduction

Education, Training, and Supervision: Fundamental to Competence

Education and Training: The Fundamentals

Supervision: Facilitating Movement of Student to Professional

Working With Qualified Professional Supervisors

Peer Consultation: Supporting Competence

Continuing Education: Avoiding Technical Obsolescence

Best Practice As Evidence Based

Evidence-Based Practice: A Matter of Ethics

From Theory to Empirically Supported and Evidence-Based Techniques

A Final Thought

Counseling Keystones

Additional Resources

Readings

Web Resources

References

Chapter 9 - Care for the Counselor

Introduction

Professional Burnout

Causes

Warning Signs

Prevention and Intervention

Compassion Fatigue

Symptoms

Causes

Prevention and Intervention

Personal Well-Being: Fundamental to Competence

Counseling Keystones

Additional Resources

Readings

Web Resource

References

Chapter 10 - The Unfolding Professional Identity

Introduction

The Why of Professional Identity

Value for the Individual Counselor

Value for the Counseling Profession

The What of Professional Identity

History

Philosophical Foundations

Roles and Functions

Advocacy and Professionalism

Ethics

Professional Pride

Developing Counselor Professional Identity

Assessing Unfolding Professional Identity

Counseling Keystones

Additional Resources

Professional Associations

Readings

References

Part IV - Applying What We Know

Chapter 11 - Samantha: Finding It Hard to Say Goodbye

Background

What Happened?

First Session: Initial Contact

Conclusion

Chapter 12 - Jamal: The Gym Teacher’s Concern

Background

Precontact Preparation

Initial Contact

Session II

Conclusion

Chapter 13 - Mrs. Ayame Hoshi: Feeling as Half of a Person

Background

Intake Session

Summary of Middle of the Session

Employing Cognitive Intervention

Conclusion

Final Thoughts

Epilogue: From the Authors’ Chairs

Index

About the Authors