Contents

Preface

New Progress in Diabetic Nephropathy and Local Micro Inflammation

Abstract

Introduction

Diabetic Nephropathy and Local Inflammation

Classic Inflammation in DN

Abnormal Gene Regulation and Local Inflammation in Diabetic Nephropathy

Inflammasome and DN Inflammation

Conclusion

References

Current Findings in The Use of Proteomics Technology for the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetic Nephropathy

Abstract

Introduction

Diabetic Nephropathy

Proteomic Analysis of Diabetic Nephropathy

Proteomic Platforms and Methodologies

Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (2-De)

Liquid Chromatography Combined to Mass Spectrometry (Lc-Ms)

Quantitative Proteomics

Sample Selection: Advantages and Disadvantages

Urine

Plasma

Lessons from Animal Models

Proteomics in the Clinical Setting: Biomarker Discovery

Conclusion and a Future Place in Therapy

References

Clinical Aspects of Diagnosis and Treatment of DN

Abstract

Introduction

Diagnosis

Clinical Manifestations

Adjunctive labs

Biopsy Indication [3, 15]

Treatment

1. Lifestyle Modification

2. Control of Glycated Hemoglobin (Goal of HbA1c: <7.0%)

3. Control of Blood Pressure (Goal of BP: <130/80 mmHg)

4. Blockage of RAS

5. Improvement in Dyslipidemia

6. Novel Therapies

Conclusion

References

Diabetic Retinopathy

Abstract

Introduction

Pathophysiology

Classification

Symptoms and Signs

Screening and Diagnosis

Treatment

NPDR

PDR

References

Neurological Diseases in Diabetic Nephropathy

Abstract

Introduction

Central Nervous System Diseases

Uremic Encephalopathy

Dementia and Cognitive Impairment

Cerebrovascular Disease

Osmotic Myelinolysis

Movement Disorders and Restless Legs Syndrome

Opportunistic Infections

Neoplasms

Intracranial Hypotension

Intracranial Hypertension

Peripheral Nervous System Diseases

Uremic Polyneuropathy

Mononeuropathy

Uremic Myopathy

Autonomic Dysfunction

References

Diabetic Nephropathy and Nutrition

Abstract

Introduction

The Relationship between Nutritional Factors and Diabetic Nephropathy

Nutritional Recommendation for Patients with Diabetic Nephropathy (DN)

Glycemic Control

Intake of Protein

Lipid Management

Restriction of Salt Intake

Vitamin D

Dietary Fiber

Dietary Pattern

Nutritional Consideration for End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD)

References

Renal Replacement Therapy in Diabetic Nephropathy

Abstract

Introduction

When to Start Dialysis

How to Choose Dialysis

I. Long-Term Prognosis and Survival

II. Dialysis Adequacy

III. Residual Renal Function

IV. Complications

A. Cardiovascular Disease

B. Infection

C. Disturbance of Carbohydrate Metabolism and Glycemic Control

Conclusion

References

Clinical Trial Update on the Way to Cure DN

Abstract

Introduction

New Developments in Glycaemic Control and Blood Pressure Control

Glycaemic Control

Blood Pressure Control

New Approaches

Direct Renin Inhibitor

Inhibitors of AGE Formation

Endothelin Antagonists

Bardoxolone Methyl

Sulodexide

Vitamin-D Receptor (VDR) Activator

Protein Kinase C-β Inhibitors

Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors

Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists

Antifibrotic Therapies

CCR2 Inhibitor

References

About the Editors

Index