Chapter
1.3 Natural Fibers to Reinforce Composite Materials
1.4 Keratin, an Environmental Friendly Reinforcement for Composite Materials
1.4.1.1 Petroleum-Based Polymers Reinforced with Chicken Feathers
1.4.1.2 Synthetic Matrices Reinforced with Hair or Wool
1.4.1.3 Synthetic Matrices Reinforced with Horn
1.4.2.1 Natural Matrices Reinforced with Chicken Feathers
1.4.2.2 Natural Matrices Reinforced with Hair or Wool
2 Determination of Properties in Composites of Agave Fiber with LDPE and PP Applied Molecular Simulation
2.1.1 Lignocellulosic Materials
2.1.1.3 Chemical Treatment of Fibers
2.1.3.2 Polypropylene (PP)
2.1.4 Molecular Modelation
2.2 Materials and Methods
2.2.1 Geometry Optimization
2.2.2 Structural Parameters
2.2.4 Molecular Electrostatic Potential Map
2.3 Results and Discussions
2.3.1 Geometry Optimization
2.3.2 Deacetylation of Agave Fiber
2.3.3 Structural Parameters
2.3.5 Molecular Electrostatic Potential Map (MESP)
3 Hydrogels in Tissue Engineering
3.2 Classification of Hydrogels
3.3 Methods of Hydrogels Preparation
3.4 Hydrogels Characterization
3.4.1 Mechanical Properties
3.4.2 Chemical-Physical Analysis
3.4.3 Morphological Characterization
3.4.5 Rheology Measurements
3.5 Hydrogels Applications in Biology and Medicine
3.5.1 Hydrogel Scaffolds in Tissue Engineering
3.5.2 Hydrogels in Drug Delivery Systems
4 Smart Hydrogels: Application in Bioethanol Production
4.3 The Water in Hydrogels
4.4 Classifications of Hydrogels
4.6 Hydrogels Synthesized by Free Radical Polymerization
4.11 Mechanical Properties
4.12 Biocompatible Properties
4.13 Hydrogels: Biomedical Applications
4.14 Techniques and Supports for Immobilization
4.19 Hydrogel Applications in Bioethanol Production
4.20 Classification of Biofuels
4.23 Feedstock Pretreatment
4.24 Liquefaction and Saccharification Reactions
4.25 Fermentation Process
4.26 Continuous or Discontinuous Process?
4.27 Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) Processes
4.28 Yeast and Enzymes Immobilized
5 Principle Renewable Biopolymers and Their Biomedical Applications
6 Application of Hydrogel Biocomposites for Multiple Drug Delivery
6.2 Sustained Drug Release Systems
6.3 Controlled Release Systems
6.3.1 Half-Life of the Drug Formulation
6.3.5 pH Stability and Aqueous Stability of the Drug Formulation
6.3.6 Barrier Co-Efficient
6.4 Polymeric Drug Delivery Devices
6.5 Multiple Drug Delivery Systems
6.5.1 Supramolecules and In Situ-Forming Hydrogels
6.5.2 Layer-By-Layer Assembly
6.5.3 Interpenetrating Polymer Networks (IPNs)
6.5.4 Application of Hydrogels for Multiple Drug Delivery
6.5.6 Diabetes Treatments
7 Non-Toxic Holographic Materials (Holograms in Sweeteners)
7.2 Sugars as Holographic Recording Medium
7.2.1 Classification and Nomenclature
7.2.2 Monosaccharides/Glucose and Fructose
7.2.2.3 Disaccharides Sucrose
7.2.2.4 Polysaccharides, Pectins
7.2.2.5 Sweeteners Corn Syrup
7.3.2 Dyes as Sensitizers
7.4 Sucrose Preparation and Film Generation
7.4.1 UV-Visible Spectral Analysis
7.4.2 Replication of Holographic Gratings is Sucrose
7.4.2.3 Thermosensitive Properties Through Mask
7.4.2.5 Diffraction Efficiency
7.4.3.1 Sugar UV-Visible Spectral Analysis
7.4.3.2 Holographic Replicas
7.4.3.3 DE Sugar Tartrazine and Erioglaucine Dye
7.5.1 Holographic Replicas of Low and High Frequency
7.6 Hydrophobic Materials
7.6.1 Hydrophobic Mixture of Pectin Sucrose and Vanilla
7.6.2 UV-Visible Spectral Analysis
7.6.3 Holographic Replicas
7.6.4 DE Hydrophobic Films PSV
7.7.1 UV-Visible Spectral Analysis
7.7.2 DE Films PSV and Erioglaucine
7.8 Pineapple Juice as Holographic Recording Material
7.8.1 Characterization of Pineapple Juice
7.8.2 Generation of Pineapple Films
7.8.3 Replication Technique
7.9 Holograms Made with Milk
7.9.2.1 Gravity Technique
7.9.2.2 Spinner Technical
8 Bioplasitcizer Epoxidized Vegetable Oils–Based Poly(Lactic Acid) Blends and Nanocomposites
8.3 Expoxidation of Vegetable Oils
8.5 Poly(lactic acid)/Epoxidized Vegetable Oil Blends
8.5.1 Poly(lactic acid)/Epoxidized Palm Oil Blend
8.5.2 Poly(lactic acid)/Epoxidized Soybean Oil Blend
8.5.3 Poly(lactic acid)/Epoxidized Sunflower Oil Blend
8.5.4 Poly(lactic acid)/Epoxidized Jatropha Oil Blend
8.6 Polymer/Epoxidized Vegetable Oil Nanocomposites
9 Preparation, Characterization, and Adsorption Properties of Poly(DMAEA) – Cross-Linked Starch Gel Copolymer in Wastewater
9.2 Experimental Procedure
9.2.3 Preparation of Cross-Linked Starch Gel
9.2.4 Preparation of Poly(DMAEA) – Cross-Linked Starch Gel Graft Copolymer
9.2.5 Determination of Nitrogen
9.2.6 Experimental Process of Removal of Heavy Metal Ions
9.2.8 Recovery of the Prepared Copolymer
9.3 Results and Discussion
9.3.2 Effect of Extent of Grafting on Metal Removal
9.3.3 Effect of Adsorbent Dose Used
9.3.4 Effect of Treatment Time on the Metal Removal
9.3.5 Effect of Agitation Speed
9.3.6 Effect of Temperature
9.3.9 Adsorption Kinetics
9.3.10 Adsorption Isotherm
10 Study of Chitosan Cross-Linking Genipin Hydrogels for Absorption of Antifungal Drugs Using Molecular Modeling
10.1.5 Molecular Modeling
10.2.1 Geometry Optimization (ΔG)
10.3 Results and Discussions
10.3.5 HOMO/LUMO Orbitals
11 Pharmaceutical Delivery Systems Composed of Chitosan
11.2 Chitosan Micro- and Nanoparticles
11.2.2 Topical Formulations
11.2.3 Ocular Delivery Systems
11.3 Bioadhesive Chitosan Hydrogels
11.3.1 Ocular Gel Formulations
11.3.2 Topical Formulations
11.4 Chitosan Topical/Transdermal Films
11.5 Chitosan as Coating Material to Produce Lipid Capsules, Liposomes, Metallic and Magnetic Nanoparticles
11.6 Oral Beads Based on Chitosan for Controlled Delivery of Drugs
12 Eco-Friendly Polymers for Food Packaging
12.2 Sources of Biopolymers
12.2.1 Polymers Extracted from Biomass
12.2.2.5 Konjac Glucomannan
12.2.2.6 Starch Modifications
12.2.3.1 Cellulose Derivatives
12.2.4.5 Chitin and Chitosan
12.2.5.4 Whey Protein and Casein
12.2.7 Polymers Obtained from Microbial Sources
12.2.7.7 Bacterial Cellulose
12.2.7.8 Polyhydroxyalkonates (PHA)
12.2.8 Polymers Synthesized from Bio-Derived Monomers
12.2.8.1 Polylactic Acid (PLA)
12.3 Properties of Biopolymer Packaging Films
12.3.1 Physical Properties
12.3.1.2 Oxygen Transmission Rate (OTR)
12.3.1.3 Water Vapor Transmission Rate (WVTR)
12.3.1.4 Carbon Dioxide Transmission Rate (CO2TR)
12.3.2 Mechanical Properties
12.3.3 Thermal Properties
12.6 Methods for Film Processing
12.7 Applications of Biopolymers in Food Packaging
12.7.1 Biodegradable Packaging Material
12.7.3 Biopolymers as Edible Packaging
12.7.3.2 Fruits and Vegetables
12.7.3.5 Meat and Meat Products
12.7.4.1 Fruits and Vegetables
12.7.5 Intelligent Packaging
12.8 Conclusion and Future Prospects
13 Influence of Surface Modification on the Thermal Stability and Percentage of Crystallinity of Natural Abaca Fiber
13.2 Materials and Methods
13.2.2 Alkali Treatment of Abaca Fiber
13.2.3 Acrylic Acid Treatment of Abaca Fiber
13.2.4 Acetylation of Abaca Fiber
13.2.5 Benzoylation of Abaca Fiber
13.2.6 Permanganate Treatment of Abaca Fiber
13.2.7 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
13.2.8 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
13.2.9 X-Ray Diffraction Analysis (XRD)
13.3 Results and Discussion
13.3.1 Chemical Treatment of Fibers
13.3.2 IR Spectra of Fibers
13.3.3 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
13.3.4 X-Ray Diffraction Analysis (XRD)
14 Influence of the Use of Natural Fibers in Composite Materials Assessed on a Life Cycle Perspective
14.2 Composite Materials: An Overview
14.2.2 Fiber-Reinforced Composites and Natural Fibers
14.2.3 World Production of Natural Fibers
14.4 Case Study: Bonnet Component
14.4.1 Boundary Conditions and Loading
14.4.3 Technical Requirements
14.4.4 Design Specifications
14.5.1 Raw Material Acquisition
14.5.3 Manufacturing Phase
14.6.1 Economic Dimension Evaluation
14.6.2 Environmental Dimension Evaluation
14.6.4.1 Sensitivity Analysis to the Life Cycle Stages
15 Plant Polysaccharides Blended Ionotropically Gelled Alginate Multiple Unit Systems for Sustained Drug Release
15.2 Plant Polysaccharide in Sustained Release Drug Delivery
15.3 Alginates and Their Ionotropic Gelation
15.4 Various Plant Polysaccharides-Blended Ionotropically Gelled Alginate Microparticles/Beads
15.4.1 Locust Bean Bum-Alginate Blends
15.4.2 Gum Arabic-Alginate Blends
15.4.3 Tamarind Seed Polysaccharide-Alginate Blends
15.4.4 Okra Gum-Alginate Blends
15.4.5 Fenugreek Seed Mucilage-Alginate Blends
15.4.6 Ispaghula Husk Mucilage-Alginate Blends
15.4.7 Aloe Vera Gel-Alginate Blends
15.4.8 Sterculia Gum-Alginate Blends
15.4.9 Jackfruit Seed Starch-Alginate Blends
15.4.10 Potato Starch-Alginate Blends
16 Vegetable Oil-Based Polymer Composites: Synthesis, Properties and Their Applications
16.2.1 Composition and Structure of Vegetable Oils
16.2.2 Properties of Vegetable Oils
16.3 Vegetable Oils Used for Polymers and Composites
16.3.1 Synthesis of Polymeric Materials from Vegetable Oils
16.3.2 Modification of Vegetable Oils and Their Use in Composites
16.3.2.1 Epoxidized Vegetable Oils and Their Composites
16.3.2.2 Maleated Vegetable Oils and Their Composites
16.3.3 Cationic Polymerization of Vegetable Oils and Their Composites
16.4 Free Radical Polymerization of Vegetable Oils and Their Composites
16.5 Application Possibilities and Future Directions
17 Applications of Chitosan Derivatives in Wastewater Treatment
17.2.1 Sources of Chitin and Chitosan
17.2.2 Extraction of Chitosan
17.2.3 Properties of Chitosan
17.2.3.2 Molecular Weight
17.2.3.3 Solvent Properties
17.2.3.4 Mechanical Properties
17.2.3.6 Cross-Linking Properties of Chitosan
17.2.3.7 Antioxidant Properties
17.2.4 Applications of Chitosan
17.3 Chitosan Derivatives in Wastewater Treatment
17.3.1 Carboxymethyl-Chitosan (CMC)
17.3.2 Ethylenediaminetetraaceticacid (EDTA) and Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic Acid (DTPA) Modified Chitosan
17.3.3 Triethylene-Tetramine Grafted Magnetic Chitosan (Fe3O4-TETA-CMCS)
17.3.4 Carboxymethyl-Polyaminate Chitosan (DETA-CMCHS)
17.3.5 Tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) Modified Chitosan (TEPA-CS)
17.3.6 Ethylenediamine Modified Chitosan (EDA-CS)
17.3.7 Epichlorohydrin Cross-Linked Succinyl Chitosan (SCCS)
17.3.8 N-(2 -Hydroxy-3 Mercaptopropyl)-Chitosan
17.3.9 Epichlorohydrin Cross-Linked Chitosan (ECH-Chitosan)
17.3.10 Quaternary Chitosan Salt (QCS)
17.3.11 Magnetic Chitosan-Isatin Schiff’s Base Resin (CSIS)
17.3.12 Chitosan-Fe(III) Hydrogel
17.4 Adsorption of Heavy Metals on Chitosan Composites from Wastewater
17.4.1 α-Fe2O3 impregnated Chitosan Beads With As(III) as Imprinted Ions
17.4.2 Chitosan/Cellulose Composites
17.4.3 Chitosan/Clinoptilolite Composite
17.4.4 Chitosan/Sand Composite
17.4.5 Chitosan/Bentonite Composite
17.4.6 Chitosan/Cotton Fiber
17.4.7 Magnetic Thiourea-Chitosan Imprinted Ag+
17.4.8 Nano-Hydroxyapatite Chitin/Chitosan Hybrid Biocomposites
17.5 Adsorption of Dyes on Chitosan Composites from Wastewater
17.5.1 Fe2O3/Cross-Linked Chitosan Adsorbent
17.5.2 Chitosan-Lignin Composite
17.5.3 Chitosan–Polyaniline/ZnO Hybrid Composite
17.5.4 Coalesced Chitosan Activated Carbon Composite
17.5.5 Chitosan/Clay Composite
18 Novel Lignin-Based Materials as Products for Various Applications
18.1 Lignin – A General Overview
18.1.2 Synthesis and Structural Aspects
18.1.4 Applications of Lignin
18.2 Lignin/Silica-Based Hybrid Materials
18.3 Combining of Lignin and Chitin
18.4 Lignin-Based Products as Functional Materials
19 Biopolymers from Renewable Resources and Thermoplastic Starch Matrix as Polymer Units of Multi–Component Polymer Systems for Advanced Applications
19.2 Thermoplastic Starch Matrix and its Application for Advanced Composite Materials
19.3 Biopolymers from Sustainable Renewable Sources
19.3.3 Spruce Bleached Kraft Pulp
19.4 Thermoplastic Starch as Polymer Matrix and Biopolymers from Renewable Resources for Composite Materials
19.4.1.2 Preparation of Composites Based on Plasticized Starch and Biopolymers with Addition of Vegetal Fillers
19.4.2 Investigation Methods and Properties
19.4.2.1 FTIR Spectroscopy Analysis
19.4.2.2 Water Uptake Measurements
19.4.2.3 Optical Properties
19.4.2.4 Evaluation of the Fillers’ Particle Size
20 Chitosan Composites: Preparation and Applications in Removing Water Pollutants
20.1 Introduction to Chitosan
20.1.1 Other Derivatives of Chitin
20.1.2 Properties of Chitosan
20.1.3 Modification and Derivatization of Chitosan
20.2.1 Activated Clay-Chitosan (ACC) Composites
20.2.1.1 Attapulgite Clay-Nanocomposite
20.2.1.2 Composites of Bentonite, Montmorillonite, and Other Types of Clay
20.2.2 Alginate-Chitosan (AC) Composites
20.2.3 Cellulose-Chitosan (CC) Composites
20.2.3.1 Cotton Fiber-Chitosan Composites
20.2.4 Ceramic Alumina-Chitosan Composites
20.2.5 Hydroxyapatite-Chitosan Composites
20.3 Palm Oil Ash-Chitosan Composites
20.4 Perlite-Chitosan Composites
20.5 Polymer-Chitosan Composites
20.5.1 Polyurethane-Chitosan Composites
20.5.2 Polyvinyl Alcohol-Chitosan Composites
20.5.3 Polyacrylamide-Chitosan Composites
20.5.4 Polymethylmethacrylate-Chitosan Composites
20.5.5 Poly(methacrylic acid)-Chitosan Composites
20.5.6 Polyvinyl Chloride-Chitosan Composites
20.5.7 Molecular Imprinted-Chitosan Composites
20.6 Sand-Chitosan Composites
20.7 Magnetic Nano-Adsorbents or Micro-Adsorbent
20.7.1 Chitosan-Based Magnetic Particles
20.7.2 Modified-Chitosan or Chitosan-Polymer Based Magnetic Composites
20.7.3 Magnetic Chitosan-Carbon Composites
20.7.4 Magnetic Composites of Chitosan with Inorganic Compounds
21 Recent Advances in Biopolymer Composites for Environmental Issues
21.2 Historical Background
21.3 Some Important Biopolymers
21.3.2 Xanthan and Dextran
21.3.3 Poly(hydroxyalkanoates)
21.3.5 Poly(trimethylene terephthalate)
21.4 Biopolymer Composites
21.5 Biodegradability of Biopolymers: An Important Feature for Addressing Environmental Concerns
21.6 Environmental Aspects of Biopolymers and Biopolymer Composites
21.6.1 Catalytic Degradation of Contaminants
21.6.2 Adsorption of Pollutants
21.6.3 Magnetic Composites
Handbook of Composites from Renewable Materials, Polymeric Composites
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