Chapter
Part I: Introduction and Overviews
1 Bringing Geopolitics to Tourism
1.1 Tourism as (part of) Transnational Neoliberal Hegemony
1.2 Tourism and Geopolitics
1.3 Tourism as ‘Soft Power’? High Geopolitics, Low Political Profile
1.4 Playing Geopolitics with Tourism
2 Tourism and Geopolitics: The Political Imaginary of Territory, Tourism and Space
2.2 Geopolitics and Tourism
2.3 Tourism and the Critical Turn in Geopolitics
2.4 Conclusions and Directions
3 Tourism in the Geopolitical Construction of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE)
3.2 Cast Within a History of ‘Big Men’
3.3 Cold War Geopolitics, State Socialist Tourism
3.4 A Geopolitics of Reorientation
Part II: Reconfiguring Conceptions and Reality
4 The Adriatic as a (Re-)Emerging Cultural Space
4.2 Powers that Shaped a Common Adriatic Cultural Space
4.3 Common Cultural Features of the Adriatic Space
4.3.2 East Roman and Byzantine legacy
4.4.1 Migration of Slavs, 6th–7th century
4.4.2 Unification of Italy 1859–1870, rise of national ideas on the east coast
4.4.3 Europe’s geopolitical divide, 1945–1989
4.5 The Revival of an Adriatic Commonality after 1989
4.5.1 Minorities revived their networks
4.5.2 The Roman Catholic Church has
recovered its position in society on the
east coast
4.5.3 Revival of trans-Adriatic foreign direct investment and trade
4.5.4 Trans-Adriatic tourism
4.5.5 Montenegro’s ‘turn’
to the Adriatic
4.5.6 Growing importance of Croatia’s and Slovenia’s Adriatic facades
5 Crimea: Geopolitics and Tourism
5.2 The Historical and Geopolitical Role of Crimea
5.2.1 Russia’s acquisition of Crimea
5.2.2 Sevastopol and the Russian Black Sea Fleet, 1783–1853
5.2.3 The Crimean War and its aftermath, 1853–1871
5.2.4 Russia, Crimea and the Black Sea, 1877–1917
5.2.5 The Soviet Union, Crimea and the Black Sea, 1918–1991
5.2.6 The Russian Federation, Crimea and the Black Sea, 1991–2014
5.3.1 Tourism and annexation 2014
5.3.2 Resurgent tourism 2015
6 The Geopolitical Trial of Tourism in Modern Ukraine
6.2 The Challenges of Geopolitical Choice: A Bed of Thorns
6.2.1 The Declaration on the State Sovereignty of Ukraine (1990)
6.2.2 The term of the first President of Ukraine, Leonid Kravchuk (1991–1994)
6.2.3 Leonid Kuchma’s (1994–2005) term in office
6.2.4 The Orange Revolution (November 2004–January 2005)
6.2.5 Viktor Yushchenko’s presidency (2005–2010)
6.2.6 Viktor Yanukovich presidency (2010–2013)
6.2.7 Euromaidan protests (November 2013–February 2014)
6.4 ‘3D’ Transformation of Tourism Governance and Business in Ukraine: Decolonisation, Denationalisation and Decentralisation
6.5 Tourism Development in the Crucible of Geopolitical Trials
7 Under Pressure: The Impact of Russian Tourism Investment in Montenegro
7.2 Montenegro: A Small Country with a Tourism Vocation
7.3 Montenegro and Russia
7.5 Environmental Impacts of Foreign Investments
7.6 Between East and West
7.7 Conclusions: Moscow Does Not Like NATO’s Courtship
Part III: Tourism and Transnationalism
8 Large-scale Tourism Development in a Czech Rural Area: Contestation over the Meaning of Modernity
8.2 Conceptual and Methodological Framework
8.3.1 Continuity and change in the rural society of Lipno
8.3.2 Post-socialist Lipno
8.3.3 Economic, social and physical impacts
8.4 Neoliberalisation of Landscape and Community
8.4.1 Contestation overthe meaning of modernity
9 The Expansion of International Hotel Groups into Central and Eastern Europe after 1989 – Strategic Couplings and Local Responses
9.2 Geopolitics, Strategic Coupling and Different Spatial Scales
9.3 Local Responses to the Expansion of International Hotel Groups: Capabilities and Attitudes
10 Conceptualising Transnational Hotel Chain Penetration in Bulgaria
10.2 Theoretical Background
10.2.1 Analytical frameworks
10.2.2 Choice of destination
10.2.3 Choice of entry mode
10.2.4 Choice of a partner
10.3 Market Penetration of Global Hotel Chains in Bulgaria
10.3.1 Choice of a destination
10.3.2 Choice of an entry mode
10.3.3 Choice of a local partner
11 New Consumption Spaces and Cross-border Mobilities
11.2 Global Flows, National Borders, Local Practices – Conceptualising Cross-border Consumption
11.3 Changing Cross-border Consumption Practices and the Related Strategies along the Romanian–Hungarian border
11.3.1 The context: retail restructuring and changing consumption patterns in Central and Eastern Europe
11.3.2 Strategies for growth and tackling peripherality in the Oradea–Debrecen urban region
11.3.3 A prosperous spa town in a peripheral border region – Gyula
11.3.4 Being a consumer in a rural ghetto – border-related practices in South Békés
12 From Divided to Shared Spaces: Transborder Tourism in the Polish–Czech Borderlands
12.2 Borders and Their Changing Role
12.3 Determinants of Development of the Polish–Czech Borderland
12.3.1 Transborder cooperation
12.4 Perceptions of the Border in the Transborder Tourist Area
12.4.1 The microgeopolitics of border mobilities
13 Finnish–Russian Border Mobility and Tourism: Localism Overruled by Geopolitics
13.3 Historical Positioning and Peculiarities
14 Kaliningrad as a Tourism Enclave/Exclave?
14.3 Local Border Traffic as the Basis for Developing Incoming Tourism
14.4 Tourism as a Priority for Regional Development and Cross-border Cooperation
14.4.1 The first stage, 2003–2006
14.4.2 The second stage, 2007–2013
14.4.3 The third stage, from 2014
14.5 Cross-border Cooperation in the Field of Tourism: The Main Obstacles and Opportunities
15 An Evaluation of Tourism Development in Kaliningrad
15.2 Factors of Tourism Development: SWOT Analysis
15.3 Tourism Statistics for the Kaliningrad Oblast’
15.4 Stages of Kaliningrad’s Development as a Russian Tourism Destination
15.5 Changing Geopolitical Contexts
15.4 Stages of Kaliningrad’s Development as a Russian Tourism Destination
15.5 Changing Geopolitical Contexts
15.6 Prospects for Tourism Development
15.7 Summary and Conclusion
Part V: Identity and Image
16 Multi-ethnic Food in the Mono-ethnic City: Tourism, Gastronomy and Identity in Central Warsaw
16.2 Current Catering Facilities in Cities
16.3 The Development of Ethnic Gastronomy in Cities
16.4 Ethnic Gastronomy for Local Residents and Tourists
16.5 Eating Out: A Recent Phenomenon in Post-communist Warsaw
16.6 The Mono-ethnic City of Warsaw…
16.7 … and Its Multi-ethnic Food
17 Rural Tourism as a Meeting Ground in Bosnia and Herzegovina?
17.2 In the Shadow of Dayton
17.3 Tourism, Rural Development and Division
17.4 Rural Tourism as a Meeting Ground?
18 Interrogating Tourism’s Relevance: Mediating Between Polarities in Kosovo
18.2 Tourism, Intervention, Localism
18.3 Conceptual Approaches to
Recreational Space: (i) The Contestation
of Cultural Heritage
18.4 Conceptual Approaches to Recreational Space: (ii) Peace Ecology, Ecotourism and the Commoditisation of Nature
19 European Night of Museums and the Geopolitics of Events in Romania
19.2 Events as Catalysts for Development
19.3 Cities as Stages for Events
19.4 Cultural Events and the Sense of Place
19.5 Events as a Manifestation of Past Political Power
19.6 Events as a Vehicle for Contemporary Political Power: European Capital of Culture
19.7 The European Night of Museums – From Bridging Towards Bonding
19.8 Exhibiting Communism – A Recurrent Challenge in Romania
19.9 European Night of Museums in Bucharest
19.10 Summary and Conclusions
20 The Power of the Web: Blogging Destination Image in Bucharest and Sofia
20.2.1 Image formation and information sources
20.2.2 Understanding blogs in tourism
20.2.3 Tourism image in transition
20.4.2 Image of a regional transport hub
20.4.3 History and ideological perspective
20.4.4 City cultural experience/identity
20.4.5 Word frequency and co-occurrence network map
21 The Role of Pioneering Tour Companies
22 The Geopolitics of Low-cost Carriers in Central and Eastern Europe
22.2 Expansion of Low-cost Carriers in CEE
22.3 Impact of LCC Expansion on the Air Passenger Market
22.3.1 Growth in passenger numbers
22.3.3 Development of regional airports in CEE
LCC policy and regional airports
22.3.4 Modernisation and expansion of infrastructure
22.4 New Trends in Regional Tourism Related to the Growth of Air Transport
22.5 Summary and Conclusions
23 Tourism and a Geopolitics of Connectivity: The Albanian Nexus
23.2 Tourism as a Geopolitical Instrument
23.3 The Connectivity of Albanian Lands
23.4 Dependency, Connectivity and Anti-corruption Ideology
23.5 Dependency Redefined?
23.6 Subverting Neoliberal Hegemony?
24 Heroes or ‘Others’? A Geopolitics of International Footballer Mobility
24.2 Elite Sport and Migration
24.3 Mobilities, Power and ‘Others’: Footballer Migration in CEE Countries
24.4 Consequences of the Internationalisation of Football Leagues in UEFA Member States
25 Tourism, Mobilities and the Geopolitics of Erasure
25.4 The Geopolitics of Event Mobilities
25.5 Migrants in Transit and the Geopolitics of Erasure
Tourism and Geopolitics
：Issues and Concepts from Central and Eastern Europe
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