Chapter
South Africa Example: National Food Fortification Program
Regulatory Frameworks and Guidelines on Early and Exclusive Breast-Feeding
Thailand Example: The Effects of Rooming-in on the Success of Breast-Feeding and the Decline in Abandonment of Children
India Example: Breast-Feeding and Complementary Feeding as a Public Health Intervention for Child Survival
Multi-Sectoral Programs with Focus on Nutrition
[Community Health and Nutrition Program] Bangladesh Example: The Bangladesh Integrated Nutrition Project (BINP): Community-Based Nutrition Component
[Conditional Cash Transfer] Mexico Example: Impact of the Mexican Program for Education, Health, and Nutrition (Progresa) on Rates of Growth and Anemia in Infants and Young Children
[Multi-Sectoral Program] Peru Example: Decreasing Stunting, Anemia and Vitamin A Deficiency in Peru: Results of the ―Good Start in Life Program‖
[Dietary Diversification Strategies] Malawi Example: Experiences of a Community-Based Dietary Intervention to Enhance Micronutrient Adequacy of Diets Low in Animal Source Foods and High in Phytate
China Example: Social Marketing Improved the Consumption of Iron-Fortified Soy Sauce among Women
Niger Example: Promoting Consumption and Production of Vitamin A–Rich Foods
Community-Level Intervention
Community Intervention [Breast-Feeding]
Bangladesh Example: Effect of Community-Based Peer Counselors on Exclusive Breast-Feeding Practices in Dhaka
Community and Group Interventions [Complementary-Feeding Support Nutritional Education]
China Example: Effectiveness of an Educational Intervention on Complementary-Feeding Practices and Growth
Jamaica Example: Nutritional Supplementation, Psychosocial Stimulation, and Growth of Stunted Children
Point-of-Use Micronutrient Fortification
Vietnam Example: Multi-Micronutrient-Fortified Biscuits Decreased Prevalence of Anemia and Improved Micronutrient Status and effectiveness of De-Worming in Rural School Children
[Iron and Folic Acid Supplementation] Mozambique Example: School-Based Iron and Folic Acid Supplementation for Adolescent Girls: Findings from Manica Province
Individual-Level Intervention
Health-Care Setting and Outreach Breast-Feeding Promotion
Philippines Example: Reinforcing Mothers for Improving Infants' Diets with Locally Available Food
Brazil Example: Lactation Counseling Increases Breast-Feeding Duration but Not Breast Milk Intake as Measured by Isotopic Methods
Early Initiation of Breast-Feeding
Nicaragua Example: The Effect of Early Postpartum Mother-Infant Contact and Breast-Feeding Promotion on the Incidence and Continuation of Breast-Feeding
Balanced Energy and Protein Supplements During Pregnancy
Gambia Example: Effects on Birth Weight and Perinatal Mortality of Maternal Dietary Supplements
Micronutrient Supplementation Interventions
Zambia Example: Child Health Weeks Provide an Effective Opportunity to Deliver a Core Set of Services for Child Survival through the Existing Health System
Zinc Supplementation for Diarrhea Management
Multiple Micronutrient Supplementation
Mongolia Example: Multi-Micronutrients for Mongolian Children
Chapter IV Other Diet-Related Risk Factors and Physical Inactivity
Overweight and Obesity (High Body Mass Index)
Low Fruit and Vegetable Intake
Population-Level Interventions
Improving Food Processing and Manufacturing
Mauritius Example: Fall in Total Cholesterol Concentration over Five Years in Association with Changes in Fatty Acid Composition of Cooking Oil
Pricing Strategies (Fiscal Policies)
Point-of-Purchase Prompts in Grocery Stores, Vending Machines, Cafeterias and Restaurants to Support Healthier Choices (WHO, 009b)
Regulation of Food Advertising (Cecchini et al., 2010)
Micronesia Example: Evaluation of a "Traditional Food For Health" Intervention
Community-Level Interventions
Pakistan Example: Efficacy of CVD Risk Factor Modification in a Lower-Middle-Class Community
Brazil Example: Nutritional Education and Fruit and Vegetable Intake
Community-Based Salt Reduction Intervention
China Example: Changes in Sodium Intake and Blood Pressure in a Community-Based InterventionProject
China Example: Evaluation of a Kindergarten-Based Nutrition Education Intervention for Preschool Children
India Example: Effects of Controlled School-Based Multi-Component Model of Nutrition Intervention
Chile Example: Health Impact of Mediterranean Diets in Food at Work
Religious-Setting Interventions
Individual-Level Interventions
Primary Health-Care Interventions
Low-Intensity Primary Care Interventions
Dietary Advice to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk
Internet-Based Intervention
India Example: Randomized Controlled Trial of Cardioprotective Diet in Patients with Recent Acute Myocardial Infarction
Medium- and High-intensity Primary Care Interventions (More than One Scheduled Personal Contact)
Brazil Example: Beneficial Effects of Short-Term Nutritional Counseling at the Primary Health-Care Level
China Example: The Effect of Health and Nutrition Education Intervention on Women's Postpartum Beliefs and Practices
Family-Based Interventions
Chile Example: Effects of Replacing the Habitual Consumption of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages with Milk in Chilean Children
Population-Level Interventions
Columbia Example: Leisure-Time Physical Activity among Women in a Neighborhood in Bogota
Brazil Example: Promotion of Physical Activity in a Developing Country: The Agita São Paulo Experience
Community-Level Interventions
Columbia Example: Muévete Bogotá: Promoting Physical Activity with a Network of Partner Companies
Iran Example: Effects of a Community-Based Healthy Heart Program on Increasing Healthy Women's Physical Activity
China Example: Evaluation of a Classroom-Based Physical Activity Promoting Program
South Africa Example: The Predictive Validity and Effects of Using Transtheoretical Model to Increase Physical Activity of Health Workers
Group- and/or Home-Bsed Setting
South Africa Example: Effectiveness of a Community-Based, Low-Intensity Exercise Program for Older Adults
Individual-Level Interventions
Brazil: Aerobic Exercise and Submaximal Functional Capacity in Overweight Pregnant Women
Telephone Interventions for Physical Activity
Internet-based Physical Activity Interventions
Multiple Risk Factor Interventions
Population-Level Interventions
Population-Based Prevention
Thailand Example: ―Healthy People Healthy Thailand‖ Strategy
Mauritius Example: Changes in Population Cholesterol Concentrations and other Cardiovascular Risk Factor Levels after Five Years of the Non-communicable Disease Intervention Program
Community-Level Interventions
South Africa Example: Community-Based Intervention: The Coronary Risk Factor Study (CORIS)
Russia Example: Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: Three-Year Intervention Results in Boys of 12 Years of Age
School-Based Lifestyle Program
Chile Example: Chile Comprehensive School-Based Intervention
China Example: The Effects of a Three-Year Obesity Intervention in School Children in Beijing
India Example: Impact of a Work-Site Intervention Program on Cardiovascular Risk Factors
Religious-Setting Lifestyle Intervention
Individual Intervention Level
Brazil Example: Individual Outpatient Care Versus Group Education Programs. Which Leads to Greater Change in Dietary and Physical Activity Habits for Obese Children?
China Example: The Long-Term Effect of Lifestyle Interventions to Prevent Diabetes in the China Da Qing Diabetes Prevention Study: A 20-Year Follow-up Study
Psychological Interventions
Columbia Example: Feedback Properties of ―Self-Reinforcement‖
Telephone-Counseling Intervention
Family-Based Intervention
China Example: A Two-Year Family–Based Behavior Treatment for Obese Children
Chapter V Sexual and Reproductive Health
Population-Based Interventions
India Example: The Sonagachi Project
Mass Communication Campaigns
Zimbabwe Example: Mass Communication among Young People
Population-Based Interventions for Reducing Sexually Transmitted Infections, Including HIV Infection
LMICs Example: HIV/Sexually Transmitted Disease Prevention Trial of a Community Popular Opinion Leader Intervention
Prevention of HIV Infection among Injection Drug Users
Needle and Syringe Exchange Programs (NSPS)
Opioid Substitution Therapy (OST)
Psychosocial Interventions for Reducing Injection and Sexual Risk Behavior for Preventing HIV in Drug Users
Russia Example: Peer-Driven HIV Interventions for Drug Injectors
Community-Level Interventions
Curriculum-Based Sex and HIV Education Programs
Kenya Example: Evaluation of a National Primary School HIV Intervention
Peer Education Interventions for HIV Prevention
Botswana Example: Impact of Peer Group Education on HIV Prevention among Women
Interventions for Sex Workers
Madagascar Example: Male Condom Promotion among Sex Workers
Peer Outreach for Men who Have Sex with Men (MSM)
Brazil Example: Men who Have Sex with Men (MSM) in Salvador
Couples-Focused Behavioral Interventions for Prevention of HIV
Zambia Example: Influence of Partner Participation on Sexual Risk Behavior Reduction among HIV-Positive Zambian Women
Intervention Impact on Condom Use in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia
Partner Notification for Sexually Transmitted Diseases (Including HIV)
Zambia Example: Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) Partner Notification
Individual-Level Interventions
Behavioral Interventions to Prevent HIV Infection in Women and Girls
India Example: Impact of an Intervention on HIV, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, and Condom Use among Sex Workers
HIV Counseling and Testing
Male Circumcision for the Prevention of Heterosexually Acquired HIV Infection
Country Examples of HIV Interventions (China, Thailand)
HIV Intervention Combinations
Combination Prevention Example: Project Accept
Population-Level Intervention
Policy-Based Behavior Modification
The Original Argument for, and the Current Argument against, the One-Child Policy
Tanzania Example: Entertainment-Education Radio Soap Opera on Family Planning
Armenia Example: Information-Education-Communication Campaign
Community-Level Interventions
Community-Based Intervention
Bangladesh Example: Community-Based Family Planning-Health Services Project
Interventions for Preventing Unintended Pregnancies among Adolescents
Chile Example: Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention: An Abstinence-centered Randomized Controlled Intervention in a Public High School
Individual-Level Interventions
Promotional Incentive System
Education for Contraceptive Use by Women after Childbirth
Pakistan Example: Change in Trend of Contraceptive Uptake—Effect of Educational Leaflets and Counseling
Programs to Increase Contraceptive Use among Adult Women
Theory-based Interventions for Contraception
Chapter VI Addictive Substance
Tobacco Use: Smoking, Oral Tobacco Use, Environmental Tobacco Smoke
Population-Level Interventions
1. Raise Taxes on Tobacco Products
2. Protect People from Tobacco Smoke
3. Regulating Tobacco Promotion
Comprehensive Ban on Advertising, Promotion and Sponsorship
4. Regulating Physical Availability
Community-Level Intervention
1. Community Intervention
Community Interventions for Preventing Smoking in Young People
India Example: Community-Based Model for Preventing Tobacco Use among Disadvantaged Adolescents in Urban Slums
Community Interventions or Reducing Smoking among Adults
Fiji Example: Tobacco Control in a Traditional Fijian Village: Indigenous Methods of Smoking Cessation and Relapse Prevention
School-Based Programs for Prevention of Onset of Smoking
Individual-Level Intervention
1. Brief Intervention to Quit Tobacco Use
2. Pharmacological Treatment
Nicotine Replacement Therapy
3. Therapies for Relapse Prevention
Brazil Example: Tobacco-Dependence Treatment
Population-Level Intervention
2. Regulating Physical Availability
Brazil Example: Reduced Access through Locational Prohibition
Brazil Example: The Effect of Restricting Opening Hours on Alcohol-Related Violence
3. Altering the Drinking Context
South Africa Example: Responsible Alcoholic Beverages Sales and Services Training Intervention
Community-Level Intervention
4. Education and Persuasion
South Africa Example: Efficacy of an American Alcohol and HIV Prevention Curriculum Adapted for Use in South Africa
5. Regulating Alcohol Promotion
6. Drinking-Driving Countermeasures
Thailand Example: Drinking and Driving Enforcement
Individual-Level Intervention
1. Screening and Brief Intervention
Brazil Example: Screening and Brief Intervention of Alcohol Problems among Students
Implementation of Brief Interventions in Several LMICs
2. Psychosocial Interventions to Prevent/Delay Relapse
India Example: Family Intervention Therapy in Alcohol-Dependence Syndrome
3. Pharmacotherapy for Detoxification and Relapse Prevention
Population-Level Intervention
1. Regulating Physical Availability
Community-Level Intervention
2. Education and Persuasion: Provide Information to Adults and Young People, Especially through Mass Media and School or Community-Based Illicit Drug Education Programs
Thailand Example: Community Drug Abuse Prevention in a Hmong Village
Thailand Example: Evaluation of a Peer Network Intervention Trial among Young Methamphetamine Users in Chiang Mai
Individual-Level Interventions
Brief Interventions for Illicit Drug Use
Abstinence-Oriented Treatments
Psychotherapeutic Interventions for Cannabis Abuse or Dependence
Psychosocial Treatments Offered in Addition to Pharmacological Opioid Detoxification Treatments
Thailand Example: The Results of Drug-Dependence Treatment by Therapeutic Community in Thanyarak Institute on Drug Abuse
Needle Exchanges and Hepatitis B Vaccination for Users
China Example: A Quasi-Experimental Study on a Community-based Behavior Change Program among Injecting Drug Users
Thailand Example: Substance-Dependence Rehab Treatment
Chapter VII Road Traffic Injury and Violence
Population/Environmental Intervention
Safer Transport and Land Use Policies
Graduated Driver Licensing
Motorized Two-Wheeler Licensing
Road Safety Media Campaigns
South Africa Example: Arrive Alive Road Safety Campaign
Separating Different Types of Road Users
Area-Wide Traffic Calming (Such as Introducing Road/Speed Humps)
“Red-Light Cameras” Cut Casualty Crashes at Junctions with Traffic Lights
Street Lighting for Preventing Road Traffic Injuries
Bicycle Helmet Legislation for the Uptake of Helmet Use and Prevention of Head Injuries
Helmets for Preventing Injury in Motorcycle Riders
India Example: Injury among Riders Involved in Motorized Two-Wheeler Accidents
Thailand Example: Effect of the Helmet Act for Motorcyclists
Vietnam Example: Helmet Use among Motorcycle Riders
Speed Enforcement Detection Devices for Preventing Road Traffic Injuries
Regulating Drivers’ Hours of Work in Commercial and Public Transport
Community/Vehicle Intervention
Community-Based Programs to Prevent Pedestrian Injuries in Children 0 to 14 Years Old
China Example: To Increase Seatbelt Restraint Use in Guangzhou City
Daytime Running Lights on Cars
Malaysia Example: Running Headlights: Modeling of Conspicuity-Related Motorcycle Accidents
Interventions for Increasing Pedestrian and Cyclist Visibility for the Prevention of Death and Injuries
Safety Education of Pedestrians for Injury Prevention
Brazil Example: Increases in Fines and Driver Licence Withdrawal
Iran Example: Traffic Police Intervention
Non-Legislative Interventions for the Promotion of Cycle Helmet Wearing by Children
Group Interventions for the Prevention of Injuries in Young Children
Individual/Road User Intervention
Primary Care Interventionist to Prevent Motor Vehicle Occupant Injuries
Problem Driver Remediation
Post-Licence Driver Education for the Prevention of Road Traffic Crashes
Thailand Example: Effect of Motorcycle Rider Education on Changes in Risk Behaviors and Motorcycle-Related Injuries
Incentive Programs for Seatbelt Use
Population-Level Interventions
1. Reducing Access to Guns, Knives and Pesticides
Restricting Firearm Licensing and Purchase Policies (YV,S)
Brazil Example: Reductions in Firearm-Related Mortality and Hospitalizations in Brazil after Gun Control
Enforced Bans on Carrying Firearms in Public (YV)
Columbia Example: Effect of a Ban on Carrying Firearms on Homicide Rates in Two Colombian Cities
Policies to Restrict or Ban Toxic Substances
Sri Lanka Example: Impact of Targeted Pesticide Bans (WHO, 2009)
2. Reducing the Availability and Harmful Use of Alcohol
Brazil Example: Preventing Homicides by Reducing Alcohol Sales Times in Diadema
3. Media and Social Norms Marketing Interventions (CM, S, IPV, SV)
South Africa: Social Norms Media Intervention Soul City
Nigeria Example: Social Norms Marketing
Community-Level Interventions
4. Promoting Gender Equality to Prevent Violence against Women
School-Based Interventions
South Africa Example: Intervention with Micro-Finance for AIDS and Gender Equity (IMAGE) Project
Changing Gender Norms and Attitudes
South Africa Example: Integrated Gender-Based Violence and HIV Risk Reduction Intervention for South African Men
5. Developing Life Skills in Children and Adolescents
Social Development Programs
6. Developing Safe, Stable and Nurturing Relationships between Children and their Parents and Caregivers
Parent Training,Including Nurse Home Visitation (CM, YV)
Parent-Child Programs (CM, YV)
Iran Example: Primary Prevention of Parent-Child Conflict and Abuse in Iranian Mothers
Individual-Level Interventions
7. Victim Identification, Care and Support Program
Screening and Referral (IPV)
Gatekeeper Training as a Preventative Intervention (s
Advocacy Support Programs (IPV)
Hong Kong, China Example: Effect of an Advocacy Intervention on Chinese Women Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence
Psychosocial Interventions (All Types of Violence)
LMICs Example: Brief Intervention and Contact for Suicide Attempters (Brazil, India, Sri Lanka, Iran, China)
8. Reduce Recidivism among Perpetrators
Chapter VIII Common Mental Health Risk
Population-Based Depression Prevention
China Example: Preventing Depressive Symptoms in Chinese Children
Pregnant Women Would be Routinely Screened for Risk of Depression
Uganda Example: Group Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Depression
Chile Example: Stepped-Care Program with Usual Care in Primary-Care Management of Depression in Low-Income Women
Home Visitation for Maternal Depression
South Africa Example: An Intervention Designed to Improve the Mother-Infant Relationships and Security of Infant Attachment in a South African Peri-Urban Settlement with Marked Adverse Socioeconomic Circumstances
Structured Psychotherapies
Cognitive Behavioral Intervention
Pakistan Example: Cognitive Behavior Therapy-Based Intervention by Community Health Workers for Mothers with Depression and their Infants in Rural Pakistan
Mexico Example: Psycho-Educational Intervention in Pregnancy to Prevent Postpartum Depression
Cognitive Behavioral Intervention via Internet
Cognitive Therapy in Relapse Prevention in Depression
Population-Based Intervention
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Prevention
Sri Lanka Example: School-Based Intervention for the Treatment of Tsunami-Related Distress in Children
Reducing Traumatizing Events or Exposure
Community-Based Prevention Programs for Anxiety and Depression in Youth
Kosovo Example: Group Treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Post-War Kosovar Adolescents Using Mind-Body Skills Groups
Pakistan Example: Counseling on Anxiety and Depression by Minimally Trained Counselors
Group Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Brazil Example: Cognitive-Behavioral Group Therapy in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Brazil Example: Psychodynamic Group Treatment for Generalized Social Phobia
Treatment Trials for Pediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Psychological Treatments for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Psychosocial Treatments for Phobic and Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents
Psychosocial Treatments for Child and Adolescent Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Late-Life Anxiety Disorders
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Malaysia Example: Comparison of Fluvoxamine Alone, Fluvoxamine and Cognitive Psychotherapy and Psychotherapy Alone in the Treatment of Panic Disorder
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Uganda Example: Treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder by Trained Lay Counselors in an African Refugee Settlement
Turkey Example: Earthquake-Related Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Sri Lanka Example: Treating Children Traumatized by War and Tsunami: A Comparison between Exposure Therapy and Meditation-Relaxation
China Example: Psychological Intervention for Anxiety and Depression in Medical Conditions (Xiaoyan Xu, Institute of Education, Sichuan Normal University)
Chapter IX Parasitic Infections
Population/Environmental Level
China Example: ―Intermittent Wet/Dry Irrigation‖ (IWDI) in Rice Production and Mosquito Control
Community-Level Interventions
Community Malaria Vector Control
The Gambia Example: Culturally Compelling Strategies for Behavior Change: A Social Ecology Model and Case Study in Malaria Prevention
Insecticide-Treated Bed Nets and Curtains for Preventing Malaria
Indoor Residual Spraying for Preventing Malaria
Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) versus Insecticide Treated Nets (ITNs)
Community- and Home-Based Management of Malaria
Example India: Impact of Community-Based Presumptive Chloroquine Treatment of Fever Cases on Malaria Morbidity and Mortality in a Tribal Area in Orissa State
Ethiopia Example: Teaching Mothers to Provide Home Treatment of Malaria in Tigray
Community Health Education for Malaria Control
School-Based Health Education
Ghana Example: School-Based Participatory Health Education for Malaria Control
Community Education for Intermittent Preventive Treatment with Sulphadoxine-Pyrimethamine in Pregnant Women
Individual-Level Interventions
Incentives on Insecticide-Treated Bed Net Use
Population/Environmental Level
Sanitation and Water Supply
Sanitation and Chemotherapy
China Example: A Strategy to Control Transmission of Schistosoma Japonicum
Brazil Example: Impact of Drainage and Sewerage on Intestinal Nematode Infections in Poor Urban Areas in Salvador
Community/Individual-Level Interventions
Preventive Chemotherapy/Anthelminthic Drug Treatment
Rapid Screening for Urinary Schistosomiasis
Community Health Education
China Example: The Role of Health Education and Health Promotion in the Control of Schistosomiasis
Chapter X Environmental Risks
Unsafe Water, Sanitation and Hygiene
Water Treatment for the Prevention of Diarrhea
Interventions in the Household
Household Solar Disinfection
Kenya Example: Intermittent Slow Sand Filtration
Bolivia Example: Solar Drinking Water Disinfection (SODIS) to Reduce Childhood Diarrhea
Safe Water Treatment and Storage in the Home
Brazil Example: Effect of City-Wide Sanitation Program on Reduction in Rate of Childhood Diarrhea
Effects of Sewerage on Diarrhea and Enteric Infections
Interventions to Improve Disposal of Human Excreta for Preventing Diarrhea
India Example: Social Mobilization for Sanitation in Orissa
Hand Washing with Soap for the Prevention of Diarrhea
Effect on Respiratory Infections
Pakistan Example: Effect of Intensive Hand Washing Promotion on Childhood Diarrhea in High-Risk Communities
Ghana Example: Mass Media Social Marketing of Hand Washing with Soap
Urban Outdoor Air Pollution
Interventions to Reduce Air Pollution
Tradable Permit Programs to Control Industrial Air Pollution
Chile Example: Santiago’s Tradable Permit Program
Bangladesh Example: Reducing Emissions from Baby-Taxis in Dhaka
Bogota, Columbia Example: Reduction of Emissions
China Example: Economic Incentives to Reduce Industrial Air Pollution
Indoor Smoke from Solid Fuels
Interventions to Reduce Indoor Air Pollution
Guatemala Example: Wood-Fired Chimney Cook Stoves Intervention
Uganda Example: The National Biomass Energy Policy Communication Campaigns for Community Access to Sustainable Renewable Energy
Household Interventions for Prevention of Domestic Lead Exposure in Children
Renewable Energy Legislation
China Example: Renewable Energy Law
Policies for Ecosystems/Payment for Environmental Services
Costa Rica's Payment for Environmental Services Program
Ecological and Socioeconomic Effects of China's Policies for Ecosystem Services
Uganda Example: Economic, Social and Environmental Benefits of Organic Farming
India Example: Investing in Ecological Infrastructure
Health Behavior Interventions in Developing Countries
( Public Health in the 21st Century )
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