Chapter
5.0 Recommendations for Future Research
Conclusions and Recommendations
6.1 Observations of System Aspects
6.2 Observations of Photovoltaics Potential Performance
6.3 Relevant Aspects That Were not Analyzed
Appendix A: PSLF Load Flow Results
Appendix B: Dynamic models
Appendix C: Modifications to IEEE 39 Bus System
Load Flow Results of Extended Model
Appendix D: Single Line Diagrams of Starting Scenarios
Appendix E: PV Model Verification
Maximum Power Point Tracking
Chapter 2 DISTRIBUTED PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS DESIGN AND TECHNOLOGY REQUIREMENTS
2. Status of Photovoltaic System Designs
2.1. Grid-Connected with No Storage
2.2. Grid-Connected with Storage
2.3. Off-Grid with Storage
3.1. Survey of Utility Engineers
3.3. Description of Issues
3.3.1. Voltage Excursions
3.3.3. Distribution Outages
3.3.5. Frequency Regulation (and Area Regulation)
3.3.6. Problems Related to Active Anti-Islanding Methods
4.2. Backup Power (Islanding)
4.4. Frequency Regulation (and Area Regulation)
4.5. Possible Directions for System Design Evolution
4.5.1. Communication of Price and Generation Control Signals
4.5.1.1. Communication Systems
4.5.1.2. Open Standards Institute Seven-Layer Model
4.5.1.3. Candidate Communication Solutions
Peak Shaving (Demand Response)
Backup Power (Intentional Islanding)
Frequency Regulation (and Area Regulation)
Control Fault Current Modes
4.5.1.5. Example Command Sets To Be Sent via Communications
4.5.2. Energy Management Systems
4.5.2.1 Peak Shaving (Demand Response)
4.5.2.2. Other Energy Management System Functions
5.1. Voltage Regulation Coordination
5.2. Distribution-Level Intentional Islanding (Microgrid)
5.3. Controlling Facility Demand and Export by Emergency Management System Integration
5.4. Backup Power (Intentional Islanding)
5.6. Frequency and Area Regulation
5.8. Effect of Distributed Generation on Coordination of Protective Relaying
6. Recommendations for Future Research
6.1. Smart Photovoltaic Systems with Energy Management Systems
6.2. Reliability and Lifetime of Inverter/Controllers
6.3. Voltage Regulation Concepts
6.4. Distribution-Level Intentional Islanding (Microgrid)
Conclusions and Recommendations
Appendix A: High-Penetration PV Survey
High-Penetration PV Survey Sent to Utility Engineers
Appendix B: Product Vendors
Identification of Product Vendors
Photovoltaic Module Manufacturers
Power Electronics and System Integration
Short-Term Energy Storage
Chapter 3 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM VOLTAGE PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS FOR HIGH-PENETRATION PHOTOVOLTAICS
2.1. Distribution System Voltage Control Requirements
2.2. Voltage Regulation Methods
2.2.1. On-Load Tap-Changing (OLTC) Transformers / Voltage Regulators
2.2.2. Switched Capacitor
2.3 Inverters’ Reactive Power Support
3.2.1. Distribution Feeder Model
3.2.2.3. Secondary Circuit
3.2.2.5. PV inverter Reactive Power (VAR) Support
3.2.2.6. OLTC Transformer and SVR
4.1.1. First Baseline Configuration
4.1.2. Second Baseline Configuration
4.2. Description of the Issue
4.3. Results of the Research
4.3.1. Assumptions About PV Inverter Capabilities
4.3.2. Peak load, 5%, 10%, 30% and 50% Penetration, OLTC + SVR, Inverters Supplying Reactive Power
4.3.3 Peak Load, 50% Penetration, OLTC, Inverters Supplying Reactive Power
4.3.4 Power Export, 50% Penetration, OLTC, IEEE 1547 Inverters
4.3.5 Power Export, 50% Penetration, OLTC, Inverters Controlling Feeder Voltage
4.3.6 Power Export, 50% Penetration, OLTC, Inverters Supplying Capacitive Reactive Power
4.3.7. Power Export, 50% Penetration, OLTC + SVR, Inverters Supplying Capacitive Reactive Power
4.3.8. Power Export, 50% Penetration, OLTC, Inverters Controlling Total Service Power Factor
Conclusions and Recommendations
Chapter 4 POWER SYSTEM PLANNING: EMERGING PRACTICES SUITABLE FOR EVALUATING THE IMPACT OF HIGH-PENETRATION PHOTOVOLTAICS
2.0. Traditional Practices in Power System Planning
2.1.2. Relationship Between Capacity Reserves and Reliability
2.1.3. Capacity Resource Planning
2.2. Transmission Planning
2.2.1. Rotor-Angle Stability
2.2.1.1. Small Signal Stability
2.1.1.2. Transient Stability
2.2.3. Frequency Stability
2.3. Distribution System Planning
2.3.2. Planning for Reliability
2.3.3. Distribution System Engineering
4.0. Impact of High-Penetration Solar PV on
4.1. Impact of Variable Renewable Energy Generation
4.2. Implications for Generation Planning
4.2.2. Characterizing the Net Load
4.2.3. Characterizing the Impact on Fuel Mix
4.2.4. Generation Flexibility
4.3. Implications for Transmission Planning
4.3.1. Common Characteristics of PV Inverters
4.3.2. PV Inverters’ Behavior During Grid Faults
4.3.3. Modeling PV Inverters for Transmission Planning
4.4. Implications for Distribution Planning and Engineering
4.4.1. Feeder Voltage Regulation
4.4.2. Contributions to Fault Currents and Protection Desensitization
4.4.3. Ungrounded Source of Voltage
4.4.4. Software Tools Used in Distribution Engineering
Conclusions and Recommendations
5.2. Transmission Planning
5.3. Distribution System Planning
5.4. General Recommendations
Chapter 5 ENHANCED RELIABILITY OF PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS WITH ENERGY STORAGE AND CONTROLS
2. Current Status of Existing Research
2.1. Distribution Reliability Indices
2.2. Residential Load Modeling
3.1. Proposed Reliability Indices
3.2. Distribution Reliability Data
3.2.4. Assumptions and Factors Affecting Reliability
3.3. Reliability Modeling Approach and Validation
3.4. Residential Load Modeling
3.4.1. Appliance Load Modeling
3.4.2. Generate Appliance Power Values
3.4.3. Generate Appliance Runtime Values
3.4.4. Generate Appliance Usage for One Week
3.4.6. Heating and Cooling Load Modeling
3.5.1. Battery Energy Storage System
4.1. Community Size and Geographic Region
4.2. Battery Size and PV Penetration
6. Recommendations for Future Research
Conclusions and Recommendations
Chapter 6 RENEWABLE SYSTEMS INTERCONNECTION STUDY: CYBER SECURITY ANALYSIS
2.0 Current Status of Existing Research
3.1. Background for Security Discussion
3.1.1. Elements of Security
3.1.2. Definition of Risk
3.1.4. Control Systems Security Research
4.0. Preliminary Analysis
4.1 Description of the Issues
4.2 Results of Task Research
4.2.2. Critical Elements and Vulnerabilities
4.2.2.4. Upstream Distribution Substations
4.2.3. Potential Consequences
5.0. Recommendations for Future Research
Renewable Energy Grid Integration: Technical Performance and Requirements
( Environmental Remediation Technologies, Regulations and Safety )
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