Chapter
Physicochemical Properties of Sludge
Wastewater Treatment Residuals: Sources, Characteristics and Quantities
Sources of Wastewater Residuals
Characteristics of Residuals
Chemical Composition of Residuals
Fertilized Value of Biosolids
Energy Content of Sludge and Biosolids
Chemical Energy in Primary Sludge and Biosolids
Estimation of Energy Content
Quantities of Screenings and Grit
Quantities of Sludge and Biosolids
Volume-Weight Relationships
Sewage Sludge and Global Change
Sewage Sludge Applications as a Source of SOC and Potential Risks
Factors Affecting the Contribution of Sewage Sludge Applications to C Stock
Sewage Sludge Characteristics
Application Conditions and Management Practices
Studies of Organic Waste Applications for Enhancing Soil Organic Carbon
Future Trends in the Use of Sewage Sludge for Enhancing Soil Organic Carbon
Sustainable Use of Sludge and Treated Wastewater in the Agricultural Field
1.3 Benefits and Limitations of Wastewater Reuse
2. Suitability of Wastewater for Irrigation
2.1 Chemical and Physical Characteristics of Wastewater
2.1.1 Wastewater Treatment
2.1.2 Treatment and Wastewater Quality Considerations
2.1.3 Wastewater Quality Criteria for Irrigation
Crop Nutrients in Treated Wastewater
Nutritional Value of Treated Wastewater
Nutrient Load through Irrigation with Effluents
2.2 Biological Quality Criteria
2.3 Good Code of Practice
2.4 Prerequisites for Efficient and Effective Reuse
2.5 Monitoring and Evaluation
3. Irrigation with Wastewater
3.2 Amount of Water and Scheduling of Irrigation
3.3 Strategy to Protect Human Health and Environment
4. Environmental Aspects Associated with Wastewater Used for Irrigation
4.2 Effects on Groundwater
4.3 Effects on Surface Water Bodies
4.4 Effects on Crops: Phototoxicity Problem and Management
4.5 Human and Animal Heath Problems
5.1 General Considerations
5.2 Wastewater Reuse Guidelines
5.3 Monitoring and Control of Wastewater Quality
5.4 Control of Storage, Transport and Distribution Facilities
6. Socio-Cultural, Legal and Institutional Aspects
6.1 Social Acceptability and Public Information
6.2 Training and Human Resource Development
6.3 Institutional Aspects, Monitoring and Control Measures
6.4 Regulatory Considerations and Legal Issues
7.2 Sludge as a Fertilizer and Soil Conditioner
8.1 General Considerations
Fertilizer Requirements of Certain Crops
Land Application of Sewage Effluents and Sludge: Selected Abstracts from 1897-1973
1. Abstracts Prior to 1941
4. Abstracts 1956 through 1960
Sewage Sludge Compost Evaluation and Utilization
1. General Introduction and Literature Review
1.1. Land Application of Sewage Sludge and Sewage Sludge Compost
1.2. Sewage Sludge – Compost and Metals
1.4. Compost Metal Concentrations
1.5. Forms and Mobilization of Compost Metals
1.6 Heavy Metals Leachability before, during and after Composting of Sewage Sludge with Natural Clinoptilolite
2. Evaluation Criteria Parameters – Quality Aspects
2.2. Humic Substances in Compost
2.4. Quality of Compost - Physical Factors Affecting Compost Quality
2.5. Compost Maturity Tests – Phytotoxicity Test
2.6. Contaminants in Composts
2.7. Compost Metal Concentration Limits
3. Utilizations of Compost
4.1. Horticulture/Agriculture
4.2. Physical Soil Improvements
4.3. Chemical Soil Improvements
4.4. Plant Disease Suppression
4.5. Effects of Compost on Soils and Crops
4.6. Compost Effect on Soil Quality
Common Indicators of Soil Quality
Indicators for Biological Soil Properties
Indicators for Chemical and Physical Soil Properties
Compost Improves Soil Quality
4.6. Beneficial Effects as a Fertilizer and Soil Conditioner
4.7. Significant Disadvantages for the Utilization of Compost
Anaerobic Treatment of Sewage Sludge
2. Parameters in Anaerobic Digestion
Solids and Hydraulic Retention Time
Inhibitory and Toxic Materials
3. Methods for the Anaerobic Digestion of Sewage Sludge
Standard Rate (Cold) Digester
Two-Step (Phase) Digestion
4. Types of Digesters for Sewage Sludge
5. Co-Digestion of Organics Waste and Sewage Sludge
6. Operation of Sewage Sludge Digesters and Equipment
7. Praxis in Biogas Utilization from Sewage Sludge Anaerobic Digestion Facilities
Combined Heat and Power (CHP)
Stabilization of Municipal Sewage
CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2 + 15 kcal
Ocean Dumping: An Old And Known Sewage Sludge Method
2.Conceptual Approach and Supportive Evidence
3. Strategy for Beneficial Use of Municipal
4. Comparative Advantages of Beneficial Use of Sewage Sludge on Land and in the Ocean
5. Toxicity of Sewage Sludge to Marine Organisms
6. Case Laboratory Studies on Sludge Toxicity
8. Dispersion and Dilution at Field Sites
10. Effect on Benthic Fauna
11. Effects on Water Quality
12. Bioaccumulation and Persistence
14. Deep-Sea Biodiversity and the Impacts of Ocean Dumping
Potential Use of Sewage Sludge as a Construction Material
2. Sewage Sludge as Lightweight Aggregate Material
3. Sewage Sludge Ash as Brick and Tile Making Material
4.Sewage Sludge Ash as a Value-Added Product in the Construction Industry
Problems Related to the Management of Sewage Sludge
2. Landspreading and Uses in Agriculture
Impact Assessment from Sewage Sludge
1.1. Formation of Sewage Sludge
1.2. Processing of Sewage Sludge
1.3 Types of Sewage Sludge
2. Reducing Health Hazards from Land Application of Sewage Sludge
Bacteria, Viruses and Parasites
3. Reduction of Pathogenic Micro-Organisms in Sludge Treatment
4. Epidemiology of Sludge-Transmitted Pathogens
5. The Chemical Contamination of Sewage Sludge
Heavy Metal Content in Sludge Identification of Regulatory Authority Affected by Changes to the Directive
6. The Biological Contamination of Sewage Sludge
7. The Practical Aspects of Sewage Sludge Use
8. The Development of a Sludge Use Strategy
Legislation on Sewage Sludge
1. European Union Legislation
Approaches to the Implications of the EU Directive on Sludge: Analytical Methodologies, Concentration Levels and Occurrence of Organic Pollutants in Different Types of Sewage Sludge
2. Sample Collection And Analytical Metodology
2.1 Sewage Sludge Treatment Plants and Monitoring Program
2.2 Analytical Techniques Used for the Determination of the Concentration Levels of the Organic Compounds
2.4 DEHP, NPE and PCB Determination
2.5 LAS and PAH Determination
3. Occurrence and Fate of Organic Pollutants in Sludge Stabilization Processes
4. Implications of the Future Eu Directive
4.1 Control of Industrial Wastes
4.3 Technologies in Sludge Treatment
4.4 Alternative Destinations for Sludge
3. Fertilizer Value of Struvite
4. Phosphorus Recovery as Struvite
Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment of Sludge Management
2.1. Sustainability – Definitions and Assessent Methods
3. Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment
4 . Life Cycle Assessment (Lca)
5. Life Cycle Costing (Lcc)
6. Social Life Cycle Assessment
7. Lcsa in Sludge Management
The Potential of Anaerobic Digestion for Energy Recovery from Sludge
2. Technology of Anaerobic Digestion of Sewage Sludge
Types of Anaerobic Digesters
Mesophilic and Thermophilic Digestion
3. Biogas Enrichment, Compression and Storage
3.3. Biogas Upgrading Technologies
4. Enhancing Anaerobic Digestion through Pre-Treatment Methods
4.1. Thermal Pre-Treatment
4.2. Mechanical Pre-Treatment
4.3 Chemical Pre-Treatment
Sewage Sludge Treatment: Cost Benefits Analysis and Economic Aspects
2. Sewage Sludge Treatment Options
3. Economics of Sewage Sludge Treatment
3.1. Investment and Operation Costs of Integrated Processes
3.2. Specific Life Cycle Costs
Gaseous Emissions and Pollution Prevention
from the Incineration of Sewage Sludge
2. Incineration of Sewage Sludge
3. Air pollutants emissions
4. Air Pollutants Reduction Techniques
Global Change and Soil Carbon
2. Soil Carbon and Soil Organic Matter in Soil
3. Agriculture, Soil Carbon and Global Change
4. Management Practices and Soil Carbon Stocks
Sewage Sludge Management: From the past to our Century
( Environmental Health - Physical, Chemical and Biological Factors )
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