Chapter
Emerging, Re-Emerging and Neglected Zoonoses
Drivers of Disease Emergence
Types of Hosts and Reservoirs
Disease Occurrence: Sporadic, Endemic and Epidemic
Determinants of Disease or Risk Factors
Notification, Case Definitions and Surveillance Systems
Q Fever: Changing Perspectives Over 75 Years in Queensland’s Human Population (Australia)
Clinical Manifestations and Possible Outcomes of Infection With Coxiella burnetii
The Laboratory Diagnosis of Q fever
Managing Q Fever in Humans
Treatment of Acute Q Fever
Who Should Be Offered the Vaccine?
Advances in Our Understanding of the Bacteria
How Is Q Fever Endocarditis Best Predicted and Diagnosed?
Genomic Exploration of Coxiella burnetii: The Link between Strains and Clinical Findings
Evolutionary Hystory of Coxiella burnetii
A Common Ecosystem Shared with Other Intra-Amoebal Pathogens
Coxiella burnetii, from a Tick Endosymbiont to Intracellular Pathogen
Surviving in Stress Conditions
Non Sequenced-Based Methods
16S Ribosomal RNA, ITS and rpoB
Multiple Locus Variable Number of Tandem Repeats (VNTR) Analysis (MLVA)
Multispacer Sequence Typing (MST)
Microarrays-Based Whole-Genome: The “Genomotyping”
Prophylaxis Tool: Vaccinology
Genetic Mechanisms of Susceptibility/ Resistance to Antibiotics
Link between Strains and Clinical Findings
Plasmid Type and Clinical Issues
Genomics of Epidemic Strains
Z3055, the Clone Linked to Netherlands Outbreak
Cb175, the Clone of Q Fever in French Guiana
Physiopathology of Coxiella burnetii Infection and Host Immunologic Response
Clinical Presentation and Pathophysiology
Initial Infection and Acute Q Fever
Adaptive Cellular Immune Response
Coxiella burnetii Strain Diversity
Diagnostic Approach to Coxiella burnetii Infection in Animals
Diagnostic Laboratory Methods
Indirect Diagnostic Methods – Serology
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
Serological Tests Distinguishing IgG and IgM, Phase I and Phase II Response (IFA and ELISA)
Complement Fixation Test (CFT)
Indirect Diagnostic Methods – Evaluation of Cell-Immune Response and Gamma-IFN
Immunohistochemical Staining
Fluorescent In-Situ Hybridization
Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS)
A Practical Approach for the Diagnosis of Abortion Caused by Coxiella burnetii Addressed to Veterinary Practitioners for Domestic Ruminants
Prevention of Coxiella burnetii Infection during Artificial Insemination
A Practical Approach to the Diagnosis in Other Species
Diagnostic Protocols Applied to Public Health Programs
Harmonization of Techniques
Human Diagnosis and Epidemiology of Q Fever in Portugal
The Q Fever Situation - Where We Stand?
Confirmatory Laboratory Tests and Diagnostic Dilemmas
From Diagnosis to Eco-Epidemiological Investigation
Use of Novel Imaging Technique (18 FDG PET/CT Scan) for Diagnosis and Follow Up of Chronic Q Fever Endocarditis in Human Medicine
The Radionuclide Imaging 18 FDG (Fluoro-Deoxyglucose) PET/CT Hybrid Technique
18 FDG (Fluoro-Deoxyglucose) PET/CT in Infection/Inflammation
18 FDG (Fluoro-Deoxyglucose) PET/CT in Infective Endocarditis
18 FDG (Fluoro-Deoxyglucose) PET/CT in Chronic Q Fever Endocarditis
18 FDG (Fluoro-Deoxyglucose) PET/CT in Other Q Fever Infections
18 FDG (Fluoro-Deoxyglucose) PET/CT Limitations
Q Fever Epidemiology in Domestic Small Ruminants
Routes of Transmission among Small Ruminants
Routes of Transmission from Small Ruminants to Humans
Outbreaks of Q-Fever Related with Domestic Small Ruminants
Prevalence of Coxiella burnetii Infection in Small Ruminants
Epidemiology of Q Fever in Cattle
Distribution of Infection
Transmission and Maintenance of Infection
Coxiella burnetii Shedding
Coxiella burnetii Transmission and Maintenance
Public Health Considerations
The Epidemiological Role of Wildlife, Ticks and Environment on Coxiella burnetii Dissemination
Coxiella burnetii in European Game Species: Challenges for Human Health
The Game-Human Interface in Europe and Public Health Risks
Distribution and Prevalence of Coxiella burnetii in Game Species
Factors Influencing Coxiella burnetii Dynamics in Game Species
Coxiella burnetii Clinical Signs and Diagnosis
Coxiella burnetii Transmission Pathways at the Game-Human Interface
Recommendations to Hunters to Prevent Coxiella burnetii Transmission from Wildlife
The Risks of Q Fever for Public Settings
Zoos and Zoo-Like Settings
Coxiella burnetii Implications
Epidemiological Studies Associated with Consumption of Milk and Q Fever
Prevalence of Coxiella burnetii in Milk and Dairy Products
The Food Safety Risks of Coxiella burnetii
Prevention and Conclusion
The Biowarfare Aspects of Q Fever
History of Q Fever in Biowarfare
Estimated Impact of a Q Fever Attack
Differentiation of Biowarfare from Natural Infection
Management of Q Fever Attack
Diagnosis of a Q Fever Attack
Treatment of Q Fever Cases
Prophylaxis after Exposure
Follow-Up After Infection
Drought and Q Fever: The Association between Trends in the Incidence of Infection and Rainfall in Rural Australia
Epidemiology of Q Fever in Human Population in Latin America
Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine,
Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne,
Université de Guyane, EA 3595, Cayenne, French Guiana
Q Fever in Animal Farms from South America
Epidemiology of Q Fever in Africa
Prevalence of Coxiella burnetii in Animals
Prevalence of Coxiella burnetii in Humans
Relation of Coxiella burnetii Prevalence between Animals and Humans
Prevalence of Coxiella burnetii in Ticks
Risk Factors for Coxiella burnetii Infection
Implications of Coxiella burnetii Infection for the African Population
Potential Preventive Measures
Adding Pieces to the Puzzle: Assessing the Geographic Distribution of Coxiella burnetii in Dairy Cattle and Goats from the State of Indiana (USA)
Investigating Coxiella burnetii in Indiana
Coxiella burnetii in Cattle
Coxiella burnetii in Goats
Control Measures of Q Fever in Small Ruminants
Prevention of Q Fever in Small Ruminants
Treatment against C. burnetii in Small Ruminants
Control of Q Fever in Small Ruminants
Q Fever Vaccination in Ruminants: A Critical Review
Coxiella burnetii Antigenic Variations
Antigenic Differences between Strains of Coxiella burnetii
Vaccination against Coxiella burnetii in Ruminants
Serological Response Following Vaccination
Interference of Vaccination with Q Fever Diagnosis
Vaccination and Abortion in Goats
Vaccination and Abortion in Sheep and Cattle
Vaccination and Reproductive Performance in Dairy Cattle
Vaccination and Coxiella burnetii Shedding
Shedding of Coxiella burnetii and Vaccination in Goats
Shedding of Coxiella burnetii and Vaccination in Cattle
Vaccination in Ruminants and Prevention of Q Fever in Humans
Which Animals Must Be Vaccinated?
At What Age Can We Vaccinate?
Can We Vaccinate Cows and Goats in Late Gestation?
What Is the Interest to Combine Antibiotic Treatment to Vaccination?
Summary of Expected Effects of Medical Actions to Control Q Fever in Ruminants
Trends and Challenges of Q Fever Control in Animal and Human Populations
Transmission Routes and Favourable Environmental Conditions for Coxiella burnetii Spreading
Coxiella burnetii Sheeding Dynamics
Prevalence of Coxiella burnetii Infection in Animal Farms and in the Human Population
Risk Factors for Maintenance and Spreading of Q Fever
Establishment of Control Measures
What We Learned from the 2007-2010 Q Fever Netherlands Outbreak
The Principles and Practice of Q Fever: The One Health Paradigm
( Bacteriology Research Developments )
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