Chapter
1.8 Conclusions and Suggestions for Future Research
2 Infectious Haematopoietic Necrosis Virus
2.2 Clinical Signs of Disease and Diagnosis
2.3.2 Disease progression
2.6 Conclusions and Suggestions for Future Research
3 Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia Virus
3.4 Pathophysiology, Pathogenesis and Virulence Factors
3.5 Protective and Control Strategies
3.6 Conclusions and Suggestions for Future Research
4 Epizootic Haematopoietic Necrosis and European Catfish Virus
4.1.2 Structure and replication
4.1.4 Geographic distribution
4.1.5 Impact of the pathogen on fish production
4.4 Protective and Control Strategies
4.4.2 Control or elimination of reservoir hosts
4.4.3 Environmental modifications to interrupt transmission
4.4.4 Animal husbandry practices
4.5 Conclusions and Suggestions for Future Research
5 Oncogenic Viruses: Oncorhynchus masou Virus and Cyprinid Herpesvirus
5.2 Oncorhynchus masou Virus
Biophysical and biochemical properties
Serological relationships
Survivability and immunity
5.2.3 Geographical distribution
5.2.4 Economic importance of the disease
Procedures for detecting subclinical infection
Pathogenicity and host susceptibility
Clinical signs and transmission
5.2.7 Protective control strategies
Virucidal effects of disinfectants and antiviral chemotherapy
5.3 Cyprinid herpesvirus 1 (CyHV-1)
Pathogenicity and oncogenicity
Regression and recurrence of tumours
5.4 Conclusions and Suggestions for Future Research
6 Infectious Salmon Anaemia
6.5 Protective and Control Strategies
6.6 Conclusions and Suggestions for Future Research
7 Spring Viraemia of Carp
7.5 Impacts on Fish Production
7.6 Clinical Signs of Disease
7.9 Prevention and Control
7.10 Conclusions and Future Research
8 Channel Catfish Viral Disease
8.1.1 Prevalence and transmission
8.1.2 Factors that promote CCVD outbreaks
8.3.1 Clinical signs and gross lesions
8.5 Protective and Control Strategies
8.6 Conclusions and Suggestions for Future Research
9 Largemouth Bass Viral Disease
9.1.1 Description of LMBV
9.1.2 Mode of transmission
9.1.3 Geographical distribution
9.1.4 Impacts of LMBV on fish populations
9.4.1 Effects on the endocrine system and osmoregulation
9.4.3 Disease mechanism and bioenergetic cost(s) of LMBV
9.5 Protective and Control Strategies
9.6 Conclusions and Suggestions for Future Research
9.6.1 Identifying gaps in our knowledge
9.6.2 Suggestions for future studies
10 Koi Herpesvirus Disease
10.2.1 Behavioural changes
10.2.2 External gross pathology
10.2.3 Internal gross pathology
10.2.5 Direct immunodiagnostic methods
10.2.6 Detection using PCR-based assays
10.2.8 Electron microscopy
10.2.9 Virus isolation in cell culture
10.2.10 Other diagnostic assays, including non-lethal methods
10.4.1 Innate immune response
10.4.2 Adaptive immune response and immune evasion
10.5 Prevention and Control
10.5.1 Resistant strains of carp
10.5.3 Management and biosecurity strategies
11 Viral Encephalopathy and Retinopathy
11.2 The Infectious Agents
11.2.1 Geographical distribution, host range and transmission routes
11.3 Diagnosis of the Infection
11.3.2 Laboratory diagnosis
11.4 Pathology and Pathophysiology
11.4.1 Gross and microscopic lesions
11.5 Protective and Control Strategies
11.6 Conclusions and Suggestions for Future Research
12 Iridoviral Diseases: Red Sea Bream Iridovirus and White Sturgeon Iridovirus
12.1 Red Sea Bream Iridovirus
12.1.5 Protective and control strategies
12.2 White Sturgeon Iridovirus
12.2.5 Protective and control strategies
13 Alphaviruses in Salmonids
13.3.1 Mortality in laboratory challenges
13.3.2 Histopathological changes
13.3.3 Tissue tropism and replication in vivo
13.3.4 Virulence differences among strains
13.5.2 Other tools to mitigate SAV
13.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Conflict of Interest Statement
14 Aeromonas salmonicida and A. hydrophila
Secreted virulence components
14.5 Protective and Control Strategies
14.5.1 Sound animal husbandry practices and disinfection
14.5.2 Antibiotics and inhibition of bacterial pathogenicity
14.5.3 Non-specific immunostimulation Probiotics
Prebiotics and other immunostimulants
14.6 Conclusions and Suggestions for Future Research
15.2 Edwardsiella tarda Ewing et al. (1965)
15.2.2 Control and prevention strategies
15.3 Edwardsiella piscicida Abayneh et al. (2013)
15.3.2 Prevention strategies
15.4 Edwardsiella anguillarum Shao et al. (2015)
15.4.2 Prevention strategies
15.5 Edwardsiella ictaluri Hawke et al. (1981)
15.5.2 Control and prevention strategies
15.6 Conclusions and Suggestions for Future Research
16.1.1 Flavobacterium psychrophilum
Description of the microorganism
Geographical distribution and host range
16.1.2 Flavobacterium columnare
Description of the microorganism
Geographical distribution and host range
16.1.3 Flavobacterium branchiophilum
Description of the microorganism
Geographical distribution and host range
16.1.4 Impacts of the three Flavobacterium spp. on fish production
16.2.1 Flavobacterium psychrophilum
16.2.2 Flavobacterium columnare
16.2.3 Flavobacterium branchiophilum
16.3 Diagnosis of Flavobacterial Infections
16.3.1 Facility inspection and history of previous epizootics
16.3.2 Clinical and post-mortem examination
16.3.3 Primary isolation and presumptive identification
16.3.4 Serological assays
16.5 Protective and Control strategies
16.6 Conclusions and Suggestions for Future Research
17 Francisella noatunensis
17.2 Diagnosis of the Infection
17.4 Pathophysiology, Pathogenesis and Virulence
17.5 Protective and Control Strategies
17.6 Suggestions for Future Research
18.1.1 Mycobacterium spp.
18.1.2 Mycobacteria in fish: aetiological agents
18.5 Protective and Control Strategies
18.6 Conclusions and Suggestions for Further Research
19 Photobacterium damselae
19.2 Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida
19.2.1 Description of the bacterium
19.2.4 Diagnostic procedures
19.2.5 Clinical signs of disease, gross pathology
19.2.7 Treatment of the disease
19.2.8 Prevention of photobacteriosis
19.3 Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae
19.3.1 Description of the bacterium
19.3.4 Diagnostic procedures
19.3.5 Clinical signs of disease and gross pathology
19.3.7 Treatment of the disease
19.4 Summary and Conclusions
20 Piscirickettsia salmonis
20.1.3 Geographic and host distribution
20.2 Diagnosis of the Infection
20.2.1 Clinical disease signs
20.4 Protective and Control Strategies
20.4.2 Antimicrobial therapy
20.5 Conclusions and Suggestions for Future Research
21 Renibacterium salmoninarum
21.2 Clinical Signs and Diagnosis
21.3.1 Macroscopic internal lesions
21.5 Prevention and Control
21.6 Conclusions and Suggestions for Future Research
22 Streptococcus iniae and S. agalactiae
22.1.1 Descriptions of bacteria
22.1.3 Geographical distribution
22.2.1 Clinical signs of disease
22.2.2 Diagnosis of infection
22.2.3 Molecular diagnostics
22.5 Prevention and Control Strategies
22.5.1 Probiotics, prebiotics and symbiotics
22.5.2 Vaccines and vaccination
22.5.3 Antimicrobial therapy
22.5.4 Selective breeding
22.6 Conclusions with Suggestions for Future Research
23 Vibriosis: Vibrio anguillarum, V. ordalii and Aliivibrio salmonicida
23.2.1 Description of the microorganism
23.2.2 Diagnosis of the infection
Clinical signs of the disease
Detection of V. anguillarum
Factors of adhesion, colonization and invasion
Regulation of virulence factors
23.2.4 Prevention and control
23.3.1 Description of the microorganism
23.3.2 Diagnosis of the infection
Clinical signs of the disease
23.3.3 Disease mechanisms
Factors of adhesion, colonization and invasion
23.3.4 Prevention and control
23.4 Aliivibrio salmonicida
23.4.1 Description of the microorganism
23.4.2 Diagnosis of the infection
Clinical signs of the disease
Detection of A. salmonicida
23.4.4 Prevention and control
23.5 Conclusions and Suggestions for Future Research
24.2 Clinical Signs and Diagnosis
24.3 Pathology and Pathophysiology
24.4 Protective and Control Strategies
24.5 Conclusions and Suggestions for Future Research
25.2 Enteric Redmouth Disease
25.4 Strain Differentiation
25.5 Virulence Factors and Pathobiology
25.5.1 Adherence and invasion
25.5.3 Intracellular survival and immune evasion
25.5.4 Extracellular products
25.6.1 Antibiotic therapy
25.7 Conclusions and Suggestions for Future Research
Fish Viruses and Bacteria
：Pathobiology and Protection
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