Contents

Preface

Chapter 1

Introduction

References

Chapter 2

Droughts and Floods in Northern Argentinean Patagonia

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Data and Technique to Determine Extreme Events

3. Characteristics of Extreme Events

4. The Influence of Remote and Regional Forcings over Spring Precipitation

Conclusion

References

Chapter 3

Statistical Evaluation of Experimental Models for the Prediction of Snow in the Central Andes

Abstract

Inroduction and Background

Data

Definition of Predictor Variables

Forecast Models

Model Definition

Model Forecast Verification

Analysis of Extreme Snow Forecast

Application of Models to Calculate RAS, 2011-2013

Conclusion

References

Chapter 4

Palpa and Lucanas: Cultural Development Under Changing Climatic Conditions on the Western Slope of the Andes in Southern Peru

Abstract

Introduction

Archaeological Research on the Coast

Archaeological Research in the Highlands

Paleoclimate Studies on the Coast

Paleoclimate Studies in the Highlands

The Process of Cultural Development in Palpa and Lucanas

The Lithic Period (12000 – 6000 BC)

The Archaic Period (6000 – 1500 BC)

The Initial Period or Early Formative (1500 – 800 BC)

The Early Horizon or Middle and Late Formative period (800 – 200 BC)

Early Paracas (800-550 BC)

Middle Paracas (550-380 BC)

Late Paracas (350-200 BC)

The Paracas-Nasca Transition (200-0 BC)

Early Intermediate Period (50 – 620 AD)

Early Nasca (50-300 AD)

Middle Nasca (300-450 AD)

Late Nasca (450-620 AD)

Middle Horizon (620-1000 AD)

Late Intermediate Period (1000-1476 AD)

Late Horizon (1476-1532 AD)

Conclusion

References

Chapter 5

The Yungas of the South Andes and Their Key Role for the Onset of Early Pre-Columbian Villages

Abstract

Introduction

The Southern Yungas of the Andes

Archaeological Narratives

Early Villages in South Andes

The Archaeology of Anfama

Anfama Human Occupations: Spatial Distribution and Temporal Consideration

Early Evidences of Agropastoral Occupations: Casa Pastor Archaeological Site

Villager Life in the First Millennium

El Sunchal

Mortero Quebrado

Other Residential Occupations

Conclusion

References

Chapter 6

Trading Up: Interregional Exchange and Inter-Household Wealth Differentiation in Two Highland Bolivian Villages

Abstract

Introduction and Site Setting

Complexity, Trade, and the Tiwanaku State

Background

Household Methodological Approaches and Constraints

Analyses of Trade Goods

Finewares and Utilitarian Ceramics

Meat in Its Social Context

Camelid Consumption and Ch’arki Production

Camelids, Trade, and Wealth

Conclusion: Inter-Household Variability and Trade

References

Chapter 7

Piassaba Broom Production and Fiber Harvest Amid Challenging Conditions in the Lower Andes: A Case from Peru

Abstract

Introduction

Methods

Background and Findings

The Piassaba Palm

Sustainable Use of Palm Resources in Peru

Piassaba Fiber Extraction and Marketing

A History of Adulterating Non-Timber Forest Products in Amazonia

The Boom in the Piassaba Trade

Coca Cultivation and Environmental Destruction in the Selva Alta

Drug Trade Intersection with Piassaba Fiber Collectors

The Failure of Alternative Crops in the Selva Alta

Piassaba Fiber Production in Peru

Piassaba Dependent Communities and Economic Poverty

Threatened Andean Forests and Local Livelihoods

Targeted Aid from the War on Drugs Program

Problems with Piassaba Fiber Sales and Authorities

Piassaba Broom Making in Peru

Marketing Brooms in Peru’s Cities

The Costs of Making Piassaba Brooms

The “Hidden Palm”

Conclusion

Acknowledgements

References

Index

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