Description
The rapid increase of cloud computing, high performance computing (HPC) and the vast growth in Internet and Social Media use have aroused the interest in energy consumption and the carbon footprint of Data Centres. Data Centres primarily contain electronic equipment used for data processing (servers), data storage (storage equipment), and communications (network equipment). Collectively, this equipment processes, stores, and transmits digital information and is known as information technology (IT) equipment.
Advanced Concepts for Renewable Energy Supply of Data Centres introduces a number of technical solutions for the supply of power and cooling energy into Data Centres with enhanced utilisation of renewable energy sources in order to achieve low energy Data Centres. Because of the high energy density nature of these unique infrastructures, it is essential to implement energy efficiency measures and reduce consumption before introducing any renewable energy source. A holistic approach is used with the objective of integrating many technical solutions such as management of the IT (Information Technology) load, efficient electrical supply to the IT systems, Low-Ex air-conditioning systems, interaction with district heating and cooling networks, re-use of heat, free cooling (air, seawater, groundwater), optimal use of heat and cold storage, electrical storage and integration in smart grids.
This book is therefore a catalogue of advanced technical concepts that could be int
Chapter
2.1.2 Permitted Temperatures of Individual Components
2.1.3 CPU Power Management and Throttling
2.2 Environmental Conditions
2.2.1 Temperature and Humidity Requirements
2.2.2 Quality of the Room Air
2.3.1 Input Voltage within Acceptable Limits
2.3.2 Input Frequency within Allowable Ranges
2.3.3 Sufficient Input Power to Compensate for Power Factor
2.3.4 Transfer to Backup Power Faster than PSU “Hold-up”Time
2.3.5 Protection from Damaging Power Conditions
Chapter 3 - Environmental and Economic Metrics for Data Centres
3.1 About Metrics in Data Centres
3.2 Data Centre Boundaries for Metrics Calculation
3.2.1 Definition of Boundaries
3.3 Metrics for Cost-Environmental Analysis
3.3.1 Environmental Impact Metrics
3.3.1.1 Data Centre primary energy
3.3.1.2 Data Centre CO2 emissions
3.3.1.3 Data Centre water consumption
3.3.2.1 Methodological reference framework
3.3.2.3 CAPEX: capital expenditure
3.3.2.4 OPEX: operating expenditure
3.3.3 Cost-Efficiency Analysis
3.4 Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Metrics
3.4.1 Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE)
3.4.2 Renewable Energy Ratio
3.4.3 Renewable Energy Factor
3.6.1 Example 1. PV System and Ice Storage
3.6.2 Example 2. District Cooling and Heat Reuse
Chapter 4 - Advanced Technical Concepts for Efficient Electrical Distribution and IT Management
4.1 Advanced Technical Concepts for Efficient IT Management
4.2 Advanced Technical Concepts for Efficient Electric Power Distribution
4.2.4 Enhanced UPS for Electrical Energy Storage
Chapter 5 - Advanced Technical Concepts for Low-Exergy Climate and Cooling Distribution
5.2.1 Free Cooling with Direct Ambient Air
5.2.2 Free Cooling with Indirect Ambient Air
5.2.3 Seawater Air Conditioning System
5.2.4 Free Cooling with Groundwater
5.3 Increasing Allowable IT Temperatures
5.3.1 Increased White Space Temperature with Airside Cooling
5.3.2 Increased White Space Temperature with Chilled Water Cooling
5.3.3 Increasing the Delta T Through the IT Equipment
5.4 Hot or Cold Aisle Containment
5.5.1 Strategy A: Pressure Difference
5.5.2 Strategy B: Actual IT load
5.5.3 Strategy C: Return Air Temperature
5.6 Partial Load – Redundant or Oversized Components
5.6.1 Redundant Components and Oversizing Components
5.6.2 Partial Load with Chillers
5.6.3 Variable Flow with Fans and Pumps
5.6.4 Oversizing Dry Coolers and Cooling Towers
5.6.5 Energy Savings and Payback Periods
5.7 High Energy Efficiency Components
5.7.2 Air-Cooled Chillers
5.7.3 Water-Cooled Chillers
Chapter 6 - Advanced Technical Concepts for Power and Cooling Supply with Renewables
6.1.1.1 Sankey charts analysis
6.2 Description of the Proposed Advanced Technical Concepts
6.2.1 Photovoltaic System and Wind Turbines with Vapour-Compression Chiller and Lead-Acid Batteries
6.2.2 District Cooling and Heat Reuse
6.2.3 Grid-FedWet Cooling Tower Without Chiller
6.2.4 Grid-Fed Vapour-Compression Chiller with Electrical Energy and Chilled Water Storages
6.2.5 Biogas Fuel Cell with Absorption Chiller
6.2.6 Reciprocating Engine CHP with Absorption Chiller
Chapter 7 - Applying Advanced Technical Concepts to Selected Scenarios
7.1 Overview of Concept Performance
7.2 Concept Comparison for Selected Scenarios
7.2.1 Description of Scenarios Analysed
7.3 Detailed Analysis by Advanced Technical Concepts
7.3.2 Concept 1. Photovoltaic System and Wind Turbines with Vapour-Compression Chiller
7.3.2.1 Influence of energy efficiency measures
7.3.2.2 Influence of size
7.3.2.3 On-Site renewable energy systems implementation
7.3.3 Concept 2. District Cooling and Heat Reuse
7.3.3.1 Influence of energy efficiency measures
7.3.3.2 Influence of size
7.3.3.3 Influence of the liquid cooling solution and the potential heat reuse
7.3.4 Concept 3. Grid-FedWet Cooling Tower without Chiller
7.3.4.1 Influence of energy efficiency measures
7.3.4.2 Influence of EE measures
7.3.4.3 Influence of size
7.3.4.4 On-site PV systems implementation
7.3.5 Concept 4. Grid-Fed Vapour-Compression Chiller with Electrical Energy and ChilledWater Storages
7.3.5.1 Influence of EE measures
7.3.5.2 Influence of size
7.3.5.3 Influence of the size of TES
7.3.6 Concept 5. Biogas Fuel Cell with Absorption Chiller
7.3.6.1 Influence of EE measures
7.3.6.2 Influence of size
7.3.6.3 Influence of absorption chiller sizes and potential heat reuse
7.3.7 Concept 6. Reciprocating Engine CHP with Absorption Chiller
7.3.7.1 Influence of EE measures
7.3.7.2 Influence of size
7.3.7.3 Influence of absorption chiller sizes and potential heat reuse
7.4 Other Aspects Influencing Data Centre Energy Consumption
7.4.1 Influence of the IT Load Profile
7.4.1.1 Influence of the rack density, occupancy, and oversizing factors
Advanced Concepts for Renewable Energy Supply of Data Centres
( River Publishers Series in Renewable Energy )
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