Contents

Preface

Acknowledgments

Chapter 1

Biopolymers in Devices for Environmental Monitoring and Protection

Abstract

1. Materials for Electronics and Photonics

1.1. Substrates and Insulators

1.2. Semi-Conductors

1.3. Conductors

1.4. Photonic Materials

2. Materials with Envisaged Use Both in Electronics and Photonics

3. Biopolymer-Based Materials for Preparing Components for RES and Batteries

3.1. membranes for Fuel Cells

3.2. solid Polymer Electrolyte System for Rechargeable Batteries

3.3. materials for Solar Cells Application

4. Biopolymer-Based Materials for Environment Monitoring Sensors

4.1. Chitosan

4.2. Other Polysaccharides

4.3. deoxyribonucleic Acid

References

Chapter 2

Biopolymers for in Vivo and in Vitro Controlled Drug Delivery

Abstract

1. Introduction

1.1. Modification of Biopolymers

1.2. Modification of Chitosan

1.3. Modification of Alginate

1.3.1. Graft Polymerisation of Alginates

1.3.2. Acetylation of Alginates

1.3.3. Sulfation of Alginates

1.3.4. Phosphorylation of Alginates

1.3.5. Hydrophobic Modification of Alginates

1.3.6. Covalent Cross Linking of Alginates

1.3.7. Modification by Cell Signalling Molecule

1.3.8. Modification of Gelation

1.4. Application of Biopolymer

1.5. Application of Chitosan

1.6. Application of Alginate

1.7. Application of Gelatin

Conclusion

References

Chapter 3

Removal of Heavy Metal Ions by Adsorption through Biopolymers

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Effect of Different Heavy Metals on Environment

2.1. Copper

2.2. Cadmium

2.3. Lead

2.4. Arsenic

2.5. Mercury

3. Different Methods Used for the Removal of Heavy Metals

3.1. Chemical Precipitation

3.2. Solvent Extraction

3.3. Coagulation–Flocculation

3.4. Reverse Osmosis

3.5. Evaporation

3.6. Ultrafiltration

3.7. Electrodialysis

3.8. Flotation

3.9. Ion Exchange

3.10. Adsorption

3.11. Bioadsorption

3.11.1. Seaweeds

3.11.2. Alginate

3.11.3. Chitin and Chitosan

3.11.4. Chitosan/a-Alumina Composite

3.11.5. Manganese Copper Ferrite/Polymer (AA, MA, VA) Composite

3.11.6. Gum Tragacanth Based Biopolymer

Concluding Remarks and Future Scope

References

Chapter 4

Biopolymer Drived Hydrogels and Their Diverse Applications: A Review

Abstract

1. Introduction

1.1. Classification of Hydrogel Products

1.1.1. Classification Based on Source

1.1.2. Classification According to Polymeric Composition

1.1.3. Classification Based on Configuration

1.1.4. Classification Based on Type of Cross-Linking

1.1.5. Classification Based on Physical Appearance

1.1.6. Classification According to Network Electrical Charge

1.2. Hydrogel Product Sensitive to Environmental Conditions

1.3. Utilization of Hydrogel Products

1.4. Preparation of Hydrogels

1.4.1. Use of Crosslinkers

1.4.2. Use of Gelling Agent

1.4.3. Use of Irradiation and Freeze Thawing

1.4.4. Synthesis of Hydrogel in Industry

2. Characterization

2.1. Solubility

2.1.1. Method A

2.1.2. Method B

2.2. Swelling Measurement

2.2.1. Method A

2.2.2. Method B

2.2.3. Method C

2.3. FTIR

2.4. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)

2.5. Light Scattering

2.6. Other Techniques

3. Application of Hydrogels

Conclusion

References

Chapter 5

Waste Derived Biochar Based Bio Nanocomposties: Recent Progress in Utilization and Innovations

Abstract

1. Introduction

1.1. Biochar

1.2. Magnetic Biochar

2. Production of Biochar

2.1. From Agricultural Wastes

2.2. From Industrial Waste

2.3. From Household Waste

3. Modification of Biochar

3.1. Chemical Modification

3.2. Physical Modification

3.3. Slow Pyrolysis

3.4. Fast Pyrolysis

3.5. Gasification

4. Synthesis of Magnetic Biochar Based Material

4.1. In-situ Synthesis

4.2. Impregnation

4.3. Coating

5. Application as Adsorbent

5.1. Removal of Heavy Metals: Effects of Functional Groups and Mechanism

5.2. Removal of Dyes and Organic Pollutants: Factors and Mechanisms

6. Soil Enrichment and Detoxification

7. Porosity and Surface Area

8. Cation Exchange Capacity

9. Other Applications

Conclusion

References

Chapter 6

Naturally Occurring Biodegradable Polymers

Abstract

1. Introduction

1.1. Biodegradable Polymers

1.2. Naturally Occurring Biodegradable Polymers

1.2.1. Starch

1.2.2. Cellulose

1.2.3. Pectin

1.2.4. Chitosan

1.2.5. Guar Gum

Conclusion

References

Chapter 7

Progress from Composite Materials to Biocomposite Materials and Their Applications

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Classification of Composite Materials

2.1. Organic Matrix Composites (OMCs)

2.1.1. Polymer Matrix Composites (PMCs)

2.1.2. Carbon Carbon Composites

2.2. Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs)

2.3. Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMCs)

2.3.1. Fibre Reinforced Composites (FRCs)

2.3.2. Laminar Composites

2.3.3. Particulate Composites

3. Biopolymer Based Composites

3.1. Starch Based Biocomposites

3.2. Pectin Based Biocomposites

3.3. Cellulose Based Biocomposites

3.4. Chitosan Based Biocomposites

3.5. Guargum Based Biocomposites

4. Applications of Biocomposite Materials

4.1. Environmental Protection

4.2. Optical Applications

4.3. Magnetic Applications

4.4. Biomedical Applications

Conclusion

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 8

Biological Traits of Nanocomposites: Nanofertilizers, Nanopesticides, Anticancer and Antimicrobials

Abstract

Introduction

Nanocomposites and Their Antimicrobial Activity

Chitosan/Ag Nanocomposites

Polyacrylic Acid/Silver Nanocomposite Hydrogels

Polyaniline/Polyvinyl Alcohol/Ag Nanocomposites

Copper-Polymer Nanocomposites

Nanocomposite as a Potential Anticancer Agent

Nanocomposite as a Potential Anticancer Agent

Nanofertilizers and Nanopesticides

References

Chapter 9

Biobased-Nanocomposites for Food Packaging Applications

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Biopolymers

2.1. Polysaccharide Films

2.1.1. Applications of Polysaccharide Films

2.2. Protein Films

2.2.1. Applications of Protein-Based Films

3. Modification of Biopolymer Films towards Better Properties

3.1. Biopolymer Based Nanocomposites

3.1.1. Properties of Bio- Nanocomposite Films

3.1.1.1. Antimicrobial ability

3.1.1.2. Oxygen Inhibitors

4. Food Packaging Applications

5. Impression on Human Health

Conclusion

References

Chapter 10

Natural Fibre Reinforced Biodegradable Composite Materials

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Natural Fibres

2.1. Classification of Natural Fibres

2.1.1. Animal Fibres

2.1.2. Mineral Fibres

2.1.3. Plant Fibres

2.2. Composition of Natural Fibres

2.3. Advantages of Natural Fibre

2.4. Limitations of Natural Fibres

2.5. Surface Modification of Natural Fibres

2.5.1. Graft Copolymerization

2.5.2. Chemical Methods

2.5.2.1. Alkaline Treatment

2.5.2.2. BenzoylationTreatment

2.5.2.3. SilaneTreatment

2.5.2.4. Acetylation Treatment

2.5.2.5. Isocyanate Treatment

2.5.2.6. Sodium Chlorite Treatment

2.5.2.7. Maleated Coupling Agents

2.5.2.8. Permanganate Treatment

2.5.2.9. Peroxide Treatment

3. Biodegradable Polymeric Materials

4. Natural Fibre Reinforced Biopolymer Based Composites

References

Chapter 11

Bio-Inspired Polymer Composites: Robust Biomedical Application Podium

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Biopolymer Oriented Smart Drug Delivery Systems

3. Biopolymer-Nanocomposites for Drug Delivery

4. Situate Explicit or Selective Targeting

5. Biopolymer Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles

6. Magnetic Nanoferrites Based Hyperthermia

6.1. Nanoferrites as Fascinating Carrier for Targeted Drug Delivery

6.2. Magnetic Resonance Imaging

6.3. Functionalized Magnetic Nano-Ferrites in Bio-Sensing

References

Chapter 12

Biopolymer Modifications Using Ionic Liquids for Industrial and Environmental Applications

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Biopolymers

Pectin

Chitosan

Xylan

Galactoglucomannan

Lignin

3. Modification of Biopolymers

Plasticization

Physical blending

4. Need for Modification of Biopolymers

5. Ionic Liquids Modified Biopolymers

Modification Types of Ionic Liquids

Modification of Cellulose in Ionic Liquids

Modification of Chitosan in Ionic Liquids

6. Synthetic Approaches of Modified Biopolymers

Synthetic Approaches for Polymer–Protein Hybrid Structures

7. Applications of Biopolymers

Medical Applications

Agricultural Applications

Packaging

Cellulose-Based Packaging Materials

Food Industry

Environmental Applications

8. Environmental Benefits of Biopolymers

Conclusion

References

Editor Contact Information

Index

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