Chapter
Efflux Pumps in Multidrug Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria
Proton Driven Antiporters
Na+ and ATP Driven Transport
Types of Gram-Negative Bacterial Efflux Pumps
Major Facilitator Super Family (MFS) Efflux Pumps
Small Multidrug Resistance (SMR) Efflux Pumps
ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) Efflux Pumps
Multidrug and Toxic Extrusion (MATE) Efflux Pumps
Resistance Nodulation Division Efflux Pumps
Substrates of Resistance-Nodulation-Division Pump
Regulation of RND Pump Expression
Role of RND Efflux Pumps in Antibacterial Drug Discovery
Efflux Pump Inhibition/Modulation
Drug Resistance Modulators/Efflux Pump Inhibitors (EPIs) for MDR Gram-Negative Bacteria
Possible Mode of Action of Efflux Pump Inhibitors/Modulators against Gram-Negative Bacteria
DNA Methylation Dynamics in Plants
Mechanism of DNA Methylation
RNA Directed DNA Methylation (RdDM)
Maintenance Methylation Dynamics
DNA Demethylation: An Equally Essential Phenomenon
Passive DNA Demethylation
Interplay between Histone Modifications and DNA Methylation
DNA Methylation Roles in Plants
Cytosine Methylation Dynamics during Plant Development
DNA Methylation under Stress
Biotic Stresses and DNA Methylation
DNA Methylation Dynamics under Chilling Stress
Ultraviolet-B Radiation and DNA Methylation
DNA Methylation Dynamics under Heavy Metal Stress
DNA Methylation Dynamics under Salt/Water Stress
DNA Methylation and Apoptosis
Commonly Used Methods to Study DNA Methylation Modifications in Plants
Bisulfite Sequencing for Gene/Locus Specific DNA Methylation Analysis
Methylation-Sensitive Amplification Polymorphism (MSAP)
TLC-Based Detection of Total Methylated Cytosine in Genomic DNA
Bionanotechnology: Past, Present and Future
Landmarks in Bionanotechnology
Properties of Nanoparticle
Advantages of Nanotechnology
Disadvantages of Nanotechnology
Synthesis of Nanoparticles
Applications of Bionanotechnology
Bionanotechnology in Medicine
Delivery of Liposome to the Specific Tissue
Nanotechnology in Food and Dairy Industry
Bionanotechnology in Agriculture
Control of Plant Diseases
Nanotechnology in Hydroponics
Bionanotechnology in Energy Sector
Nanocatalysts for Biomass Gasification
Nanocatalysts for Biodiesel Production
Bionanotechnology in Environmental Applications
Bionanotechnology in Defense Sector
Future of Bionanotechnology
Plant Protease Inhibitors: Biotechnological Insights with an Emphasis on Its Role in Plant Defense
Classification of Plant Protease Inhibitors
Serine Protease Inhibitor (Serpin/SPI) Family
(a)Kunitz Inhibitors (KN1)
(b)Potato Type I and Type II Protease Inhibitors (PT1and PTII)
Cereal Trypsin Inhibitor (BRI)
Bowman-Birk Inhibitor Family (BBIs)
Mustard Trypsin Inhibitor (MSI)
Cysteine Protease Inhibitor (CYS)
Aspartic Protease Inhibitors (APIs)
Metalloprotease Inhibitors: MMPIs
Application of Plant Protease Inhibitors (PPIs)
PPIs and Plant Protection against Insects
Emerging Insect Adaptation against PPIs and Strategies to Overcome
Some Successful Reports of Transgenic Plant Production
Soil Aggregates: Formation, Distribution and Management
Classification of Aggregates
Measure of Aggregate Size Fractions
Properties of Soil Aggregates
Mean Weight Diameter (MWD)
Tensile Strength of Aggregates
Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) Concentration in Different Aggregate Size Fractions
Carbon Sequestration and Soil Aggregates
Aggregation and Agricultural Management
Factors Affecting Aggregation
Aggregate Stabilizing Compounds
Parasitic Weeds and Their Control by Means of Allelopathy
Distribution, Host Range and Impact of Parasitic Weeds
Broomrapes (Orobanche and Phelipanche spp.)
Life Cycle of Striga and Phelipanche
Control of Weeds in Agriculture
Allelopathy in Weed Management
Weed Control by Crop Allelopathy
Crop Rotation with Trap and Catch Crops
The Push-Pull Technology (PPT)
Weed Control by Allelopathic Plant Extracts or Residues
Various Virus Diseases of Papaya Plants Occurring in Different Countries
Viruses Infecting Papaya Plant
Potexvirus: Papaya Mosaic Virus (PapMV)
Symptoms and Transmission
Structural and Genomic Organization
Papaya Leaf Curl Virus (PaLCuV)
Symptoms and Transmission
Papaya Leaf Curl China Virus (PaLCuCNV) and Papaya Leaf Curl Guandong Virus (PaLCuGDV)
Structural and Genomic Organization of Begomoviruses
Papaya Ringspot Virus (PRSV)
Symptoms and Transmission
Structural and Genomic Organization
Papaya Leaf Distortion Mosaic Virus (PLDMV)
Symptoms and Transmission
Structural and Genomic Organization
Moroccan Watermelon Mosaic Virus (MWMV)
Nepovirus: Tobacco Ringspot Virus (TRSV)
Tospovirus: Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV)
Cucumovirus: Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV)
Ilarvirus: Tobacco Streak Virus (TSV); Tobravirus: Tobacco Rattle Virus (TRV)
ICTV-unrecognized Viruses
Sobemovirus: Papaya Lethal Yellowing Virus (PLYV)
Symptoms and Transmission
Structural and Genomic Organization
Rhabdoviruses: Papaya Apical Necrosis Virus (PANV) and Papaya Droopy Necrosis Virus (PDNV)
Papaya Meleira Virus (PMeV)
Papaya Mild Yellow Leaf Virus (PMYLV)
Do Cyanobacteria Have Enough Mechanisms to Counteract UV Stress?
Effects of UVR on Cyanobacteria
Mitigation Strategies Adapted by Cyanobacteria Against UVR Stress
Synthesis of Extracellular Polysaccharides
Synthesis of Photoprotective Compounds: MAAs and Scytonemin
Mycosporine-like Amino Acids (MAAs)
Repair, De Novo Protein Synthesis and Apoptosis
Modulation of Allen Arnon Medium with Neem (Azadirachta indica. A. Juss) Seed Kernel Water Extract for Biomass and Biomolecules Production from Cyanobacteria
New Approaches in Biological Research
( Biotechnology in Agriculture, Industry and Medicine )
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