Chapter
A Definition and Clarification of Some Terminology
Levels of Distance Education Organization
Distinguishing Technology and Media
Components of a Working Distance Education System
Distance Education Is about Change
VIEWPOINT:Chere Campbell Gibson
Questions for Discussion or Further Study
CHAPTER 2 The Historical Context
First Generation:A Brief History of Correspondence Study
Second Generation:The History of Broadcasting
Third Generation:A Systems Approach;AIM and the OU
Fourth Generation:Teleconferencing
Fifth Generation:Computer-and Internet-based Virtual Classes
Questions for Discussion or Further Study
CHAPTER 3 The Scope of Distance Education
Distance Education in “For-Profit” Schools
Distance Learning in Colleges and Universities
Distance Education in Strategic Alliances,Consortia,and Networks
Distance Education in the K–12 Schools
Distance Education in Corporate Training
Continuing Professional Education
Course-sharing Initiatives
VIEWPOINT:Sally Johnstone
Questions for Discussion or Further Study
CHAPTER 4 Technologies and Media
Social Networking and Media Applications (aka Web 2.0)
Media and Technology Selection
Media and Technology Integration
Questions for Discussion or Further Study
CHAPTER 5 Course Design and Development
Instructional Systems Design
Designing the Study Guide
Designing a Web Conference
Design and Development of Web-based Courses
Designing and Developing the Online Course:A Lean Team in Action
Designing Student Participation
Designing Self-directed Learning
Monitoring and Evaluation
General Design Principles
Questions for Discussion or Further Study
Appendix:Penn State’s World Campus New Course Development Process
CHAPTER 6 Teaching and the Roles of the Instructor
How Distance Teaching Differs
Some Specific Functions of the Instructor
The Instructor’s Role in Web Conferencing
Examination and Test Security
Faculty Perspectives:Some Findings from Research
VIEWPOINT:Lani Gunawardena
Questions for Discussion or Further Study
CHAPTER 7 The Distance Education Student
The Nature of Adult Learning
Factors Affecting Student Success
Kember’s Model of Student Completion
Student Support:Guidance and Counseling Services
A Realistic View of the Distance Learner
VIEWPOINT:Sir John Daniel
Questions for Discussion or Further Study
CHAPTER 8 Management,Administration,and Policy
Administering the Program
Learner Support Centers and Libraries
A Realistic Assessment of Quality
Regional Accrediting Commissions
Policy:Institutional,State,and Federal
Policy Barriers to Distance Education Are Falling
Institutional:Faculty Policy
State Policy on Funding and Administration of K–12 Programs
Implementing Institutional Change
A National Policy Issue:The Digital Divide
VIEWPOINT:Michael Beaudoin
Questions for Discussion or Further Study
CHAPTER 9 The Theory and Scholarship of Distance Education
Theory of Transactional Distance
Synthesis of Pioneer Theories:Desmond Keegan
Developing Theories:Randy Garrison and Terry Anderson
Further Development of Transactional Distance Theory by Research
Theory and the Practitioner
Questions for Discussion or Further Study
CHAPTER 10 Research and Studies of Effectiveness
The General Situation Regarding Research
Effectiveness as Dependent on a Technology
Comparing Learner Achievement
Effective Teaching Strategies
Questions for Discussion or Further Study
CHAPTER 11 The Global Span of Distance Education
The United Kingdom:The First Open University
Distance Education in Higher Education Institutions in Japan
Korea:A National Policy of Education for Development
Australia and New Zealand
The Republic of South Africa (RSA)
Turkey:Anadolu University
Some Other National Institutions
Consortia and Virtual Systems in Some Other Countries
Distance Education,International Agencies,and National Development
Questions for Discussion or Further Study
CHAPTER 12 Distance Education Is about Change
The Changing Supply of Information
Changing Access to Information
Changes in Relation of Knowledge to Economic Development
Changes in Program Design:Learning Objects
Globalization and Commercialization
Changes Needed in Use of Terminology
Questions for Discussion or Further Study
APPENDIX Sources of Further Information
Distance Education
：A Systems View of Online Learning
( EDU )
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