‎Contents

‎Acknowledgements

‎List of Illustrations

‎List of Abbreviations

‎Introduction

‎Chapter 1. Adolescent Years (1895–1914)

‎The Scholems: A German Family

‎Four Distinct Brothers

‎Rebellion(s): From Zionism to Socialism

‎Chapter 2. World War and Revolution (1914–18)

‎War and Socialism in Hanover

‎A Red in Field Grey: Werner Scholem on the Eastern Front

‎Hospital Reflections, 1916

‎Lèse-majesté: A Soldier’s Day in Court

‎Werner and Emmy Scholem: A Mésalliance

‎All Quiet on the Western Front: Werner Misses the Revolution

‎Chapter 3. A Rebel at the Editing Desk, a Rebel in Parliament (1919–24)

‎Independent Social Democracy and More: Werner Scholem as Agitator in the USPD

‎Journalism and Judiciary: Werner Scholem as Editor of the Rote Fahne

‎Reform or Revolution? A Parliamentarian in the Prussian Landtag

‎Scholem as School Reformer

‎Anti-Semitism and the Ostjuden Debate

‎A Reluctant Republican? Fighting Right-Wing Terror and Fascism

‎The Philosophy of History in the Landtag

‎Inflation, Crisis and Radicalisation

‎Reform or Revolution: Scholem’s Answer

‎Chapter 4. Communism: Utopia and Apparatus (1921–6)

‎The Berlin Opposition (1921–3)

‎National Revolution on the Ruhr? Scholem and Schlageter in the Summer of 1923

‎From the Battle of the Ruhr to the ‘German October’ of 1923: New Conflicts in the KPD

‎Reaching for Power: Scholem and His Comrades Take Over the KPD

‎The Power of the Apparatus: Werner Scholem Organises the KPD

‎The Apparatus Strikes Back: The Left Opposition on the Defensive

‎Scholem Versus Stalin: A Question of Democracy?

‎Chapter 5. A Reluctant Defector: Werner Scholem as Dissident (1926–8)

‎A Left Communist in the Reichstag

‎The Lenin League: Werner Scholem Founds a Party

‎Chapter 6. Back to the Lecture Hall: Family and University Life in Berlin

‎‘At Home with Communists’: Emmy and Werner in Private

‎Life as a Lawyer

‎Chapter 7. The Triumph of Barbarism (1933–40)

‎The Arrest

‎Separate Paths: A Family Falls Apart

‎Espionage and Intrigue: Werner Scholem as a Literary Figure

‎The Hammerstein Case: Fiction and Reality

‎From the Supreme Court to the ‘People’s Court’: Scholem’s Last Trial

‎A Stolen Life: Plötzensee, Lichtenburg, Dachau

‎Murder in the Quarry

‎Chapter 8. Remembering Werner Scholem

‎Appendix 1. Chronology of Werner Scholem’s life

‎Appendix 2. List of Werner Scholem’s Places of Detention, 1917–40

‎Prison Terms 1917–24

‎First Arrest in 1933

‎Second Arrest in 1933 and Investigative Custody, 1933–5

‎Imprisonment in Concentration Camps, 1935–40

‎Appendix 3. Selected Articles and Publications by Werner Scholem

‎Bibliography

‎Sources

‎Newspapers

‎Minutes, Reports and Contemporary Documents

‎Source Editions

‎Memoirs and Correspondences

‎Oral Histories and Interviews with Contemporaries

‎Literary Treatments of Werner Scholem and his family

‎Literature

‎Archives

‎Archiv der Gedenkstätte Buchenwald (BwA)

‎Bundesarchiv Berlin (BArch)

‎Stiftung Archiv der Parteien und Massenorganisationen der DDR im Bundesarchiv (SAPMO-BArch)

‎Bundesbeauftragter für die Unterlagen des Staatssicherheitsdienstes der ehemaligen DDR (BStU)

‎COMINTERN Electronic Archives

‎Geheimes Staatsarchiv Preußischer Kulturbesitz Berlin (GeStA)

‎International Tracing Service, Bad Arolsen (ITS)

‎Institut für politische Wissenschaft der Leibniz Universität Hannover (IPW Hannover)

‎National Library of Israel, Jerusalem

‎Niedersächsisches Hauptstaatsarchiv Hannover (HStA Niedersachsen)

‎Niedersächsisches Landesarchiv – Staatsarchiv Wolfenbüttel

‎Landesarchiv Berlin (LArch Berlin)

‎Landesamt für Bürger- und Ordnungsangelegenheiten (LABO) Berlin, Entschädigungsamt

‎Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History (RGASPI), Moscow

‎Staatsarchiv Münster (StA Münster)

‎Index