Chapter
8. How Are Schemes Binding?
10. Where We Go from Here
Schemes for Argument from Analogy, Classification, and Precedent
1. The Case of the Drug-Sniffing Dog
2. Argument from Analogy as Treated in Logic Textbooks
3. Is Argument from Analogy Deductive or Inductive?
4. The Schemes for Argument from Analogy
5. Argument from Analogy as a Defeasible Form of Argument
6. Arguments from Classification
7. Arguments Based on Rules and Classifications
8. Argument from Precedent and Practical Argument from Analogy
9. The Case of the Drug-Sniffing Dog Again
Knowledge-Related, Practical, and Other Schemes
1. Arguments from Knowledge
3. Lack-of-Knowledge Arguments
4. Arguments from Consequences
5. Fear and Danger Appeals
6. Arguments from Alternatives and Opposites
7. Pleas for Help and Excuses
8. Composition and Division Arguments
9. Slippery Slope Arguments
10. Attacking Verbal Classification and Slippery Slope Arguments
Arguments from Generally Accepted Opinions, Commitment, and Character
1. Arguments from Popular Opinion
2. Variants of the Basic Form
3. Argument from Commitment
4. Arguments from Inconsistency
6. Circumstantial Ad Hominem
8. Ad Hominem Strategies to Rebut a Personal Attack
Causal Argumentation Schemes
1. The Problem of Causation
2. Argument from Cause to Effect
3. Argument from Effect to Cause
4. Argument from Correlation to Cause
6. Causal Argumentation at Stages of an Investigation
7. Causal Assertions as Defeasible
8. Toward a System of Analysis and Classification
9. Dialectical and Bayesian Models of Causal Argumentation
2. Preliminary Discussion of the Problem
4. Limitations of Deductive Analysis
5. Use of Argumentation Schemes in Analysis
6. Use of Schemes in Analyzing Weak Arguments
7. Limitations of Schemes
9. The Attribution Problem
10. The Dialectical Component of the Enthymeme Machine
Attack, Rebuttal, and Refutation
1. Attacking, Questioning, Rebutting, and Refuting
2. Older Theories of Refutation
3. Newer Theories of Refutation
4. Argumentation Schemes and Critical Questions
5. Toward a Pragmatic Theory of Refutation
6. Different Kinds of Opposition
7. Internal and External Refutation
8. A Case Study of Combined Rebuttals
9. The Problem of Argument from Opposites
10. Problems about Critical Questions and Refutations
1. Aristotle on the Topics
4. From Abelard to the Thirteenth Century
5. Fourteenth-Century Logic
6. Topics in the Renaissance and the Port Royal Logic
7. Modern Theories of Schemes
A User's Compendium of Schemes
1. Argument from Position to Know
2. Argument from Expert Opinion
3. Argument from Witness Testimony
4. Argument from Popular Opinion (and Subtypes)
5. Argument from Popular Practice
8. Practical Reasoning from Analogy
9. Argument from Composition
10. Argument from Division
11. Argument from Oppositions
12. Rhetorical Argument from Oppositions
13. Argument from Alternatives
14. Argument from Verbal Classification
15. Argument from Definition to Verbal Classification
16. Argument from Vagueness of a Verbal Classification
17. Argument from Arbitrariness of a Verbal Classification
18. Argument from Interaction of Act and Person
20. Argument from Sacrifice
21. Argument from the Group and Its Members
23. Two-Person Practical Reasoning
25. Argument from Sunk Costs
26. Argument from Ignorance
27. Epistemic Argument from Ignorance
28. Argument from Cause to Effect
29. Argument from Correlation to Cause
31. Abductive Argumentation Scheme
32. Argument from Evidence to a Hypothesis
33. Argument from Consequences
34. Pragmatic Argument from Alternatives
36. Argument from Fear Appeal
37. Argument from Danger Appeal
38. Argument from Need for Help
39. Argument from Distress
40. Argument from Commitment
43. Pragmatic Inconsistency
44. Argument from Inconsistent Commitment
45. Circumstantial Ad Hominem
48. Argument from Gradualism
49. Slippery Slope Argument
50. Precedent Slippery Slope Argument
51. Sorites Slippery Slope Argument
52. Verbal Slippery Slope Argument
53. Full Slippery Slope Argument
54. Argument for Constitutive-Rule Claims
56. Argument for an Exceptional Case
57. Argument from Precedent
58. Argument from Plea for Excuse
59. Argument from Perception
Refining the Classification of Schemes
1. A Proposed General System for Classification of Schemes
2. Classification of Ad Hominem Schemes
3. Classifying the Subtypes of Ad Hominem Arguments
1. The Defeasible Modus Ponens Form of Schemes
3. Elements of a Formalization of Schemes
4. Formalization of Schemes in the Carneades System
5. Formally Modeling the Critical Questions
6. The Argument Interchange Format
7. The Research Project for Developing a Formal System
9. Summary of the Dialectical System ASD
10. A Worked Example of a Dialogue in ASD
Schemes in Computer Systems
5. Schemes in Natural Language Argumentation
6. Schemes in Interagent Communication
7. Schemes in Automated Reasoning
8. Schemes in Computational Applications
Argumentation Schemes
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