Cover

Half-title

Title

Copyright

Contents

Contributors

Preface

References

CHAPTER ONE The metabolic theory of ecology and the role of body size in marine and freshwater ecosystems

Introduction

Background

Individual level: metabolic rate, production and life-history traits

Population and community levels: growth, mortality and abundance

Ecosystem level: flux and storage of energy and materials

Concluding remarks

References

CHAPTER TWO Body size and suspension feeding

Introduction

The hydrodynamic implications of body size

Body size changes during ontogeny and evolution

Limits to maximum body size

Particle capture as a predator-prey relationship

Body size and food availability (body size and solid-fluid interfaces)

Conclusions

References

CHAPTER THREE Life histories and body size

Introduction

Understanding and predicting the evolution of body size

Key elements of life-history theory

Optimality models

Adaptive dynamics

Methodological issues

Determining trade-offs

Frequency and density dependence

Predicting life-history plasticity

Interpreting phenotypic variation

Ecological applications of life-history analysis

Fishing-induced evolution

Understanding relationships with temperature, and improving biomass estimates

Shifts in the community size spectrum, and impacts on ecosystem function

Life-history analysis and scaling relationships

Key elements

Methodological issues

Determining the scaling exponent

Identifying invariant quantities in life histories

Determining the effects of selection on scaling exponents

Relationship between intraspecific and interspecific allometries

Ecological applications

Estimating global patterns of mortality

Improving predictions of global patterns of life history

Conclusion

Acknowledgements

References

CHAPTER FOUR Relationship between biomass turnover and body size for stream communities

Introduction

The predictions

Prediction 1

Prediction 2

Prediction 3

Prediction 4

Study streams

Ogeechee River

Upper Ball Creek

Sutton Stream and Stony Creek

Tests of predictions

Results

Discussion

Appendix I A primer on secondary production and the P/B

References

CHAPTER FIVE Body size in streams: macroinvertebrate community size composition along natural and human-induced environmental gradients

Introduction

Different approaches for matching body size with environmental gradients

Descriptive studies of abiotic gradients

Descriptive studies of biotic gradients

Descriptive studies of complex gradients

Experimental studies

Analysis of a new database for New Zealand streams

Methods

Study sites

Fish

Macroinvertebrates

Physicochemical conditions

Statistical analyses

Results

Body-size patterns along environmental gradients and their utility for biomonitoring

Acknowledgements

References

CHAPTER SIX Body size and predatory interactions in freshwaters: scaling from individuals to communities

Introduction

Feeding and size: processes at the individual level

Scaling to species

The other side of the equation: community-size distributions

Macroecological patterns: consequences of body-size shifts in response to environmental gradients

Conclusions

References

CHAPTER SEVEN Body size and trophic cascades in lakes

Introduction

Body size

Productivity

Turnover rate

Complexity

Alternative equilibria

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

CHAPTER EIGHT Body size and scale invariance: multifractals in invertebrate communities

Introduction

Data collection

Power-law and scaling relationships

Density – body-mass scaling with sample area

Density and biomass scaling

Linking scaling relationships to niche and dispersal-mediated species-abundance patterns

Fractal properties of size-structured communities

Multifractal species-area relationships

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

CHAPTER NINE Body size and biogeography

Introduction

The absolute abundance of microbial species-populations

The cosmopolitan-biogeography transition

Testing the theory of cosmopolitan distribution

Cryptic protist diversity exceeds the diversity of 'active’ species, and the habitat selects

Dispersal of free-living protists is essentially random

Cosmopolitan distribution implies the existence of similar species inventories in similar habitats irrespective of geographical distance

Endemic species

Local: global species ratios

Undersampling

Species concepts

Cosmopolitan genotypes

'Biogeography’ of microbes?

General validity

Neutral theory – local: global species ratios

Concluding remarks

Acknowledgements

References

CHAPTER TEN By wind, wings or water: body size, dispersal and range size in aquatic invertebrates

Introduction

Dispersal and body size in aquatic invertebrates

Active dispersers in freshwaters

Passive dispersers in freshwaters

Dispersal in marine systems

Dispersal, macroecology and body sizecase studies

Active dispersers in freshwaters

Passive dispersers in freshwaters

Dispersal in marine systems

Conclusions

References

CHAPTER ELEVEN Body size and diversity in marine systems

Introduction

Species guilds

Adult-body size distributions in integral benthic assemblages

All-animal body-size distributions in integral benthic assemblages

Pelagic assemblages

Effects of pollution and disturbance

Discussion and conclusion

Acknowledgements

References

CHAPTER TWELVE Interplay between individual growth and population feedbacks shapes body-size distributions

Body size in contemporary ecology

Neglected aspects of body size in contemporary ecology

Development and growth – a retrospective overview

Scaling constraints and growth patterns

Individual-level formulations for how individuals grow – linkage to community patterns

Developments of an explicit link from individual body size to population dynamics

Modelling framework

Ontogenetic development – dynamical aspects

Ontogenetic development and community structure

Extensions to more complex configurations

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

CHAPTER THIRTEEN The consequences of body size in model microbial ecosystems

Introduction

Methods

General methods

Choice of species

Description of the four experiments and data sets

Experiment 1

Experiment 2

Experiment 3

Experiment 4

Population consequences of body size

Community consequences of body size

Ecosystem consequences of body size

Results

Population consequences of body size – results

Community consequences of body size – results

Ecosystem consequences of body size – results

Discussion

Population consequences of body size – discussion

Community consequences of body size – discussion

Ecosystem consequences of body size – discussion

Closing remarks

Acknowledgements

References

CHAPTER FOURTEEN Body size, exploitation and conservation of marine organisms

Introduction

Setting: the magnitude of fishing effects

Size-related responses to exploitation

Linking body size, life histories and population dynamics

Population dynamics and responses to mortality

Intrinsic rates of increase

Density dependence

Communities and their responses to mortality

Size-based structuring of marine communities

Describing and predicting responses to mortality

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

CHAPTER FIFTEEN How body size mediates the role of animals in nutrient cycling in aquatic ecosystems

Introduction

Body size and nutrient excretion

Rates

Ratios of N and P

Body size and nutrient translocation

Consequences of size-varying nutrient cycling

Variation in body-size distributions

Estimating nutrient flux from biomass size distributions

Predator control of prey body size and nutrient cycling

The effect of harvesting-induced changes in animal size structure on nutrient cycling

The next steps?

Acknowledgements

References

CHAPTER SIXTEEN Body sizes in food chains of animal predators and parasites

Introduction

Theory

Maximal and minimal body masses

Predicted value of the exponent

Ratios and differences of consumer mass and resource mass

Data

Studies of a well-defined community

Studies that pool multiple communities

Discussion

Acknowledgements

References

CHAPTER SEVENTEEN Body size in aquatic ecology: important, but not the whole story

Introduction

Body size and metabolic theory

Other empirical, theoretical and conceptual backgrounds

Concluding remarks

References

Index