Chapter
2 Morphology, anatomy, and classification of the Bryophyta
2.2 Modular architecture of the vegetative plant body
2.3 Organography of the gametophyte
2.3.3 Modifications of the stem
2.5 Sex organs: distribution, development and dehiscence
2.7 Components of the sporophyte
2.7.1 Early embryogenesis
2.7.2 The sporophytic placenta
2.7.3 Protection of the developing embryo
2.7.4 Architecture of the mature sporophyte
2.7.5 Sporogenesis and spores
2.8 Fundamental peristome types
2.10 Early gametophyte development
2.11 Apogamy and apospory: a life cycle without sex and meiosis
2.12 Origin and evolution of the Bryophyta
2.13 Classification of the Bryophyta
3 New insights into morphology, anatomy, and systematics of hornworts
3.4 Anatomy and development
3.5.2 Chloroplast evolution
3.6 Innovative morphology
4 Phylogenomics and early land plant evolution
4.2 The uses of comparative genomics in functional studies
4.3 The uses of comparative genomics in phylogenetic reconstruction
4.4 A new example of the use of characters from comparative chloroplast genomics
4.4.1 Materials and methods
Appendix 4.1 Description of genomic characters
5 Mosses as model organisms for developmental, cellular, and molecular biology
5.2 Physcomitrella patens: a twenty-first century model
5.3 Physcomitrella: life cycle and development
5.4 The molecular biology of Physcomitrella: sequencing the genome
5.5 The discovery of homologous recombination
5.6 Homologous recombination and DNA repair
5.7 Homologous recombination for reverse genetics
5.8 Requirements for efficient gene targeting
5.8.3 Identification of gene-targeted mutants
5.8.4 Confirmation that a targeted mutation causes a mutant phenotype
5.8.5 Analysis of a multigene family
5.8.6 Is gene targeting generally applicable?
5.9 Mosses and the study of development
5.10 The evolution of transcriptional networks
6.3 Bryophyte shoots as photosynthetic systems
6.4 Desiccation tolerance
7 Biochemical and molecular mechanisms of desiccation tolerance in bryophytes
7.2 Phenotypic considerations
7.3 General aspects of desiccation tolerance as they relate to bryophytes
7.4 Biochemical and molecular aspects of desiccation tolerance in bryophytes
7.4.1 Constitutive cellular protection
7.4.2 Reactive oxygen scavenging pathways
7.5 Induced desiccation tolerance in bryophytes
7.7 Biochemical and molecular aspects of recovery
7.8 Genomic approach to desiccation tolerance
8 Mineral nutrition and substratum ecology
8.2.1 Cell transport processes
Active transport of ions and solutes
8.2.2 Mineral nutrient requirements
Chemical analysis of tissues
8.2.3 Mineral uptake by whole bryophytes
Element location within the tissues
Mineral supply to the sporophyte
8.2.4 Nutrient inputs in nature
Nutrient application experiments
8.2.5 Desiccation effects on nutrient retention
8.2.6 Evidence for internal recycling of nutrients
8.2.7 Role of bryophytes in ecosystem nutrient dynamics
8.2.8 Effects of nutrient scarcity and nutrient excess
8.2.9 Biomonitoring of mineral deposition
Monitoring heavy metal deposition
Monitoring nitrogen deposition
8.3.1 Range of substrata occupied
8.3.2 Longevity of substrata
8.3.3 Substratum and chemical specialists
Calcicoles and calcifuges
9 The structure and function of.bryophyte-dominated peatlands
9.2 Structure and peatland types
9.2.3 Vegetation and flora
9.3 Function and ecological importance of the moss layer
9.3.1 Nutrient uptake and the consequences of atmospheric deposition
9.3.2 Water-holding capacity
9.4 Responses to environmental change and disturbance
Upper Pinto Fen (UPF), Western Alberta, Canada
10 Population and community ecology of bryophytes
10.2 Population patterns and processes
10.2.2 Cost of reproduction
10.2.4 Germination and establishment
10.2.6 Clonal expansion and population persistence
10.2.7 Density-dependence in bryophyte populations
10.2.8 Population dynamics in Hylocomium splendens: a case study using matrix modeling
10.3 Metapopulation patterns and processes
10.3.1 Bryophytes on dung: patch quality, local interactions, and metapopulation processes
10.3.2 Epiphytes: local environment, connectivity and tree dynamics
10.3.3 Bryophyte metapopulations: a synthesis
10.4 Community patterns and processes
10.4.1 Niche differentiation and coexistence patterns
10.4.2 Regeneration processes and the role of disturbance
10.4.3 Competition studies
10.4.4 Interactions with vascular plants
10.5 Species richness on patchy substrates and islands
10.5.1 Species richness on true islands
10.5.2 Species richness in epiphytes
10.5.3 Species richness on boulders
10.5.4 Species richness on decaying wood
10.6 Species composition and richness at different temporal and spatial scales
11 Bryophyte species and speciation
11.2.1 Morphological definitions
11.2.2 Biological and phylogenetic species concepts
11.3 Bryophyte species delimitation based on molecular markers
11.3.1 Isozyme-based studies
11.4 Speciation mechanisms in bryophytes
11.4.1 Allopolyploidy in liverworts
11.4.2 Allopolyploidy in mosses
11.5 Tempo and mode of allopolyploid evolution
11.6 Reconciling evolutionary inferences from molecular data with species concepts
12 Conservation biology of bryophytes
12.2 Levels of threats and the need for conservation
12.2.1 What to conserve? A hierarchical system of threat categories applied to bryophytes
The IUCN classification system
Application of the IUCN 2001 red listing system to bryophytes
12.2.2 Level of threat in the bryophyte floras
12.2.3 Implementation of threat levels in legislation
12.3 Why are bryophytes threatened?
12.3.1 What biological properties make bryophytes vulnerable?
Genetic potential and adaptation
12.3.2 What mechanisms cause bryophytes to be threatened?
Direct threats: collecting and harvesting
Indirect threats: habitat destruction, degradation, and fragmentation
12.4 Conservation strategies
12.4.1 Specificity of bryophyte patterns of diversity
12.4.2 Circumscription of key areas for bryophyte conservation
12.4.3 Strategies for implementing a network of protected areas
12.5 Managing bryophyte diversity
12.5.1 Management of protected areas
12.5.2 Integrated management measures in the context of sustainability
Bryophyte conservation and sustainable forest management
Bryophyte conservation and sustainable agriculture
12.6 Ex situ conservation and reintroduction
12.7 Conclusion, issues, and perspectives
Bryophyte Biology
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