Chapter
2.6 Theoretical consideration
3 Empathy, antisocial behaviour and personality pathology
3.1.1 Definitions of empathy
3.1.2 Measures of empathy
Self-report questionnaires
Facial/gesture indexes of empathy
3.2 Empathy and offending
3.3 Empathy and aggression
3.4 Empathy, antisocial behaviour, and the antisocial personality disorders
3.5 Theory of Mind and the antisocial personality disorders
3.6 Emotional information processing in the antisocial personality disorders
3.7 Empathy and emotion recognition in sex offenders
3.8 Empathy and child abuse
3.9 Empathy and narcissism
4 Empathy and depression: the moral system on overdrive
4.2 Depression: prevalence, costs and theories of aetiology
4.3 Empathy and developmental pathways to depression
4.4 Survivor guilt and depression
4.5 Programme of research: empathy, guilt and depression
4.6 Other empirical studies: empathy and depression
4.7 Evolutionary theories: empathy and depression
4.8 The evolution of altruism and evolved mechanisms at work in depression
4.9 Empathy, depression, and current neuroscience
5 Empathy, social intelligence and aggression in adolescent boys and girls
5.2 Sex differences in indirect aggression
5.3 Indirect aggression and social intelligence
5.4 Social intelligence and empathy
5.5 Relationships between social intelligence, empathy and conflict behaviour
5.6 Empathy training as an inhibitor of aggression
6 Impaired empathy following ventromedial prefrontal brain damage
6.2 The anatomy of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex
6.3 The neuroanatomical basis of empathy: the role of the frontal lobes
6.3.1 What is the empathic ability comprised of?
6.3.2 Impaired empathic ability following prefrontal lesions
6.3.3 Impaired ‘mindreading’: the case of ToM
6.3.4 Further evidence for the role of the PFC in empathy: frontotemporal dementia studies
6.4 The role of the VM PFC in social cognition
6.5 A neural network for the organization of the empathic response: an integrative view
7 Non-autism childhood empathy disorders
7.2 Empathy and ‘disorders of empathy’
7.3 Diagnostic conditions that contain an important subgroup with empathy disorder
7.4 Asperger’s syndrome and the inappropriate label of high-functioning autism
7.5 Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with and without developmental coordination disorder (DCD)
7.6 Pervasive developmental disorders not otherwise specified
7.7 Tourette and other tic disorders
7.8 Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD)
7.9 Other personality disorders
7.12 Childhood schizophrenia
7.14 Conduct disorder and oppositional-defiant disorder (ODD)
8.2 Early manifestations of autism
8.3 Research with older children and adolescents with autism
8.4 Developmental implications
8.5 Autism: a disorder of empathic relatedness?
Part II Empathy and related concepts in health
9 Neonatal antecedents for empathy
9.2 Models for the development of empathy
9.2.1 Temperament/newborn arousal and regulation theories
9.2.2 Attunement among dyads
9.2.4 Learning and modelling theories
9.3 Overview of associations between newborn distress studies and empathy
9.4 Maternal psychological and physiological functioning predict the development of empathy in children
9.5 Dysfunctional socialization experiences influence the development of empathy by disrupting physiological and psychological regulation patterns
9.5.1 Maternal psychological neglect
9.6 A new definition and future directions for the study of newborn distress and empathy
9.7 Implications for practice when working with newborns and their mothers
10 The evolutionary neurobiology, emergence and facilitation of empathy
10.3 Neuroethology: the original of parental behaviours
10.3.1 Evolutionary origins of audiovocal communication: the isolation call
10.4 Neurophysiology: oxytocin and social behaviour
10.5 Evolution of the autonomic nervous system and social engagement
10.6.1 Role in understanding intentions
10.6.2 Role in understanding emotional states
10.7 Social bonding and attachment
10.8 Development of empathy in childhood
11 Naturally occurring variability in state empathy
11.2 Issues in studying states
11.3 Daily variability in state empathy
11.4 Empathy in naturally occurring social interaction
11.5 Implications for mental health
12 Neuroimaging of empathy
12.2 A neuroimaging primer
12.3 Component cognitive processes relevant to empathy
12.4 Neuroimaging studies of component parts of empathy
12.4.1 Socially relevant stimuli
12.4.2 Theory of Mind and social cognition
12.4.5 General emotional processing
12.5 Studies of empathy itself
12.5.1 Emotional mimicry studies
12.5.4 Empathy and sympathy
12.5.5 Empathy and forgiveness
12.6 Other relevant neuroimaging studies
13 The neurophysiology of empathy
13.1.1 Evolutionary theories of empathy
13.1.2 Somatic theories of empathy
13.1.3 Individual differences theories of empathy
13.2 EEG activity - a method of measuring brain-behaviour relations
13.3 Overview of associations between brain regions and empathy
13.3.1 The limbic circuitry
13.3.2 The temporal lobes
13.3.4 The autonomic nervous system
13.4 Empirical studies of the neurophysiological substrates of empathy
13.4.2 Biobehavioural preparedness
13.4.4 Individual contributions and temperament
13.5 Dysfunctional socialization experiences and changes in brain activation and empathic responding
13.6 Frontal lobe dysfunction and consequences for empathic responding
14 The cognitive neuropsychology of empathy
14.2 Affective sharing between self and other
14.3 Beyond the perception-action coupling
14.4 Agency and self-awareness
14.5 Adopting the perspective of the other
14.7 Multiple facets of empathy disorders
14.8 From covert to overt representation of others’ mental states
15 The genetics of empathy and its disorders
15.2 Deconstructing empathy
15.3 The component processes leading to empathy
15.5 Autism and personality
15.6 Empathy and personality
15.7 Empathy and psychiatric taxonomy
15.8 The genetics of empathy
15.8.1 Adoption, twin and extended family research
15.8.2 Association with specific genetic disorders
15.8.4 Candidate gene research
15.9 Importance of gene-gene and gene-environment interactions for empathy
15.10 Implications for further research
16 Empathogenic agents: their use, abuse, mechanism of action and addiction potential
16.3 Raves and the pursuit of empathy
16.4 The concept of recreational use and addiction
16.5 Ordeal and near-death experience
16.6 The dopaminergic rewarding mechanism
16.7 Empathogenic substances
16.10 Ecstasy, an empathogenic and entactogenic molecule
16.10.5 Neurobiochemical aspects
16.10.6 Ecstasy and the serotonergic system
16.10.7 The serotonergic deficiency syndrome
16.10.8 Neuroendocrine modifications
16.10.9 Empathy and imitation behaviours
16.11 Other empathogenic substances of the phenylethylamine type
16.12 Tryptamine-type empathogenic substances
16.13 Arylhexylamine-type empathogenic substances
16.13.1 PCP or phencyclidine
16.13.2 Ketamine: [2-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-methylamino-cyclohexan-1-one]
16.14 Other psychoactive substances
16.14.1 GHB: gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, Gamma-OHTM
17 Existential empathy: the intimacy of self and other
17.1 Imitation and empathy between self and other
17.2 Neural precursors of imitation and empathy
17.3 Human homologues of macaque mirror neurone areas
17.4 Imitation and empathy: the links between mirror neurones and the limbic system
17.5 The mirror neurone system and self-recognition
17.6 Existential empathy and existential neuroscience
18 Empathizing and systemizing in males, females and autism: a test of the neural competition theory
18.1 Empathizing and systemizing: sex differences
18.3 The empathy quotient (EQ) and the systemizing quotient (SQ)
18.4 Do the EQ and SQ ‘sex’ the brain? A re-analysis of the 2003 dataset
18.6 A taxonomy of brain types, based on the difference between empathy and systemizing
18.7 The brain basis of empathy: further distinctions?
19 Motivational-affective processing and the neural foundations of empathy
19.2 Vicarious responding in a motivational-affective (M-A) framework
19.2.1 Studying vicarious responding
19.2.2 Domain-specific vicarious responses: pain and disgust
19.2.3 A motivational-affective framework
19.3 M-A systems in pain and disgust
19.3.2 From motivation to movement
19.3.3 From learning to communication
19.3.4 Beyond vicarious responding
19.4 The analogy with mirror neurones
19.4.1 Comparison between M-A and action representation networks
19.4.3 Differences: ‘hot’ versus ‘cold’ motor processing
20 Face processing and empathy
20.2 How might perceptually mediated empathy enable emotion recognition?
20.3 Relationships between emotional state and emotion recognition performance
20.4 Emotion recognition via primitive emotional contagion
20.5 Emotion recognition via simulation
Part III Empathy models, regulation and measurement of empathy
21 Balancing the empathy expense account: strategies for regulating empathic response
21.3 Regulating emotional empathy
21.4 Regulating cognitive empathy
21.5 Shortcuts to cognitive empathy
21.6 The dark side of empathy… the costs of poor regulation
21.7 Undershooting emotional empathy
21.8 Overshooting emotional empathy
21.9 Undershooting cognitive empathy
21.10 Overshooting cognitive empathy
22 Empathic accuracy: measurement and potential clinical applications
22.2 Assessment: the empathic accuracy paradigm
22.2.1 The unstructured dyadic interaction paradigm
22.2.2 The standard stimulus paradigm
22.2.3 Obtaining a measure of empathic accuracy
22.3 Clinical implications of empathic accuracy research
22.3.1 Individual differences in empathic accuracy
Selecting for empathic accuracy
Training empathic accuracy
22.3.2 Empathic accuracy and couples’ therapy
Motivated attributional bias
22.3.3 Empathic accuracy and autism
22.3.4 Empathic accuracy and borderline personality disorder
23 A perception-action model for empathy
23.2 Breaking down the PAM
23.2.3 Shared emotional experience and similar emotion
23.3 Recent neuroscientific evidence
23.4 Disorders of empathy
23.4.3 Frontal lobe damage
24 The Shared Manifold Hypothesis: embodied simulation and its role in empathy and social cognition
24.3 Action understanding
24.3.1 The understanding of object-related actions
24.3.2 The understanding of intransitive actions
24.4 Experiencing the actions of others as embodied action simulation
24.5 The body of emotions
24.7 The shared manifold and empathy
24.8 Psychopathological implications of intentional attunement: schizophrenia
24.9 Psychopathological implications of intentional attunement: autism
25 Using literature and the arts to develop empathy in medical students
25.1 The problematic role of empathy in medicine
25.2 Theorizing a humanities-based approach to train empathy
25.4 Translational applications
25.5 State of the research on the humanities and empathy
25.6 Mental illness as an exemplar of ‘otherness’
25.7 Mental illness as a curricular challenge
25.8 Literature relevant to specific psychiatric diagnoses
25.9 Limitations, possibilities and conclusions
Empathy in Mental Illness
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