Chapter
Section 2: Etiology of non-traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage
Chapter 2: Acute hypertensive response in intracerebral hemorrhage
Chronic hypertension and intracerebral hemorrhage
Incidence of intracerebral hemorrhage and hypertension
Risk factors for intracerebral hemorrhage
Pathology of hypertension and intracerebral hemorrhage
Association of brain microbleeds, hypertension, and intracerebral hemorrhage
Acute hypertensive response
Acute systolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure elevation
American Heart Association/American Stroke Association guidelines for management of acute hypertensive response
European Stroke Initiative guidelines for management of acute hypertensive response
Pathophysiological consequences of treating acute hypertensive response
Hematoma growth and acute hypertensive response
Hypoperfusion in perihematomal area
Decrease in perihematomal edema by reducing blood pressure
Pharmacological treatment of acute hypertensive response
Direct acting vasodilators: hydralazine, nitroprusside, and glyceryl trinitrate
Outpatient management of chronic hypertension following intracerebral hemorrhage
Antihypertensive Treatment in Acute Cerebral Hemorrhage (ATACH)
Intensive Blood Pressure Reduction in Acute Cerebral Hemorrhage Trial (INTERACT)
Intracerebral Hemorrhage Acutely Decreasing Arterial Pressure Trial (ICH-ADAPT) and ICH-ADAPT-E
Chapter 3: Etiology of tumor-related intracranial hemorrhage
Etiology-specific treatment algorithm
Chapter 4: Cerebral amyloid angiopathy
Pathogenesis and experimental systems
Clinical and genetic risk factors
Clinical presentation and diagnosis
Spontaneous and iatrogenic ICH
Presentations without major hemorrhage
Clinical course and treatment
Initial outcome and risk of recurrence
Chapter 5: Coagulopathy-related intracerebral hemorrhage
Intracerebral hemorrhage related to oral anticoagulant therapy
What causes ICH during OAT: current concepts
Hematoma expansion in OAT-ICH
Current treatment strategies
Prothrombin complex concentrates
Recombinant coagulation factor VIIa
Guidelines for reversal of anticoagulant effect
Unresolved issues on treatment
Time window for treatment
Restarting oral anticoagulants
Monitoring the hemostasis status during the reversal of anticoagulant effect
Intracerebral hemorrhage related to other anticoagulant treatment
Thrombolysis-associated ICH
Chapter 6: Vascular malformations of the brain
Anomalies of the arterial wall
Anomalies of the capillary junction
Brain arteriovenous malformations
Dural arteriovenous fistulae
Anomalies of cerebral veins
Developmental venous anomaly
Chapter 7: Cerebral venous thrombosis and intracerebral hemorrhage
Anatomy of the cerebral venous system
Superficial cerebral veins
Veins of the posterior fossa
Superior sagittal sinus (SSS)
Pathology and pathophysiology
Parenchymal abnormalities
Management during follow-up
Section 3: Clinical presentation
Chapter 8: Clinical presentation of intracerebral hemorrhage
General clinical features of intracerebral hemorrhage
Clinical features specific to intracerebral hemorrhage location
Clinical syndromes in relationship to the location of putaminal hemorrhage
Syndromes due to small putaminal hemorrhages
Syndromes of small thalamic hemorrhages
Large paramedian pontine hemorrhage
Unilateral basal or basotegmental hemorrhages
Lateral tegmental hematomas
Section 4: Diagnostic investigations
Chapter 9: Computerized tomography and CT angiography in intracerebral hemorrhage
The emerging role of CT angiography
Chapter 10: MRI of intracerebral hemorrhage
Diagnosis of intracerebral hemorrhage with MRI
MRI signal acquisition review
Comparative studies: MRI and CT
Secondary intracerebral hemorrhage
Role of MRI in acute stroke assessment
Pathophysiological investigations of intracerebral hemorrhage with MRI
Blood flow changes in ICH: perfusion-weighted imaging
Edema etiology: diffusion-weighted imaging
Chapter 11: Cerebral angiography
Role of cerebral angiography
Risks of cerebral angiography
Current management of intracranial aneurysms
ISAT, The International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial
ISUIA, The International Study of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms
Current management of cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) and dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF)
The role of endovascular therapy
Chapter 12: Laboratory and other ancillary testing in intracerebral hemorrhage: an algorithmic approach
Hematoma volume estimation
Limited diagnostic evaluation
Cerebral ischemia with hemorrhagic transformation
Extensive diagnostic evaluation
The younger patient with lobar hemorrhage
The older patient with lobar hemorrhage
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy
Lobar hemorrhage of any age
Cerebral venous thrombosis
Section 5: Management and critical care
Chapter 13: Medical management of intracerebral hemorrhage
Initial medical stabilization
Control of blood pressure
Correction of coagulopathy
New therapeutic approaches
Intraventricular thrombolysis
Minimally invasive surgery (MIS)
Treatment of complications
Elevated intracranial pressure
Identification of underlying etiology
Chapter 14: Surgical management of intracerebral hemorrhage
Surgery for intracerebral hemorrhage
Decompressive craniectomy
Timing of surgery and clinical trials
Treatment of the cause of hemorrhage
Unusual causes of hemorrhage
Chapter 15: Future therapy in intracerebral hemorrhage and intraventricular hemorrhage: aspiration and thrombolysis
Minimally invasive surgery (MIS)
Approaches to hematoma evacuation in ICH
Fibrinolysis with clot aspiration in ICH
Intraventricular hemorrhage
Section 6: Prognosis and outcome
Chapter 16: Mathematical models of intracerebral hemorrhage and intraventricular hemorrhage outcomes prediction: their comparison, advantages, and limitations
Section 7: Advances in pathogenesis and treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage: experimental
Chapter 17: Animal models and experimental treatments of intracerebral hemorrhage
Overview of ICH models and species
Intracerebral blood infusion ICH models
Bacterial collagenase ICH model
Ischemia-reperfusion hemorrhage model
Brain pathological response to ICH in animal models
Limitations of animal models
Summary of animal species and ICH induction methods
Chapter 18: Thrombin and secondary brain damage following intracerebral hemorrhage
Brain thrombin, thrombin receptors, and thrombin inhibitors
Thrombin receptors in the brain
Thrombin inhibitors in the brain
Intracerebral hemorrhage-induced injury: the role of thrombin
Thrombin after intracerebral hemorrhage
Thrombin, blood-brain barrier disruption and perihematomal edema
Thrombin, complement activation, and inflammation after intracerebral hemorrhage
Thrombin, cell death, and neurological deficits after intracerebral hemorrhage
Thrombin exacerbates iron-induced brain damage
Antithrombin therapy in ICH
Thrombin-induced neuroprotection
Chapter 19: Cytoprotection strategies for experimental intracerebral hemorrhage
Approaches that target cell death
Surgical removal of the hematoma
Approaches that target secondary consequences of an ICH
Blood-brain barrier disruption
Overview and considerations for cytoprotection studies
Section 8: Advances in pathogenesis and treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage: clinical
Chapter 20: Natural history of perihematomal brain edema
Molecular signatures of PHBE
Neuroimaging features of PHBE
Clinical significance and prognosis of PHBE
Therapeutic management of PHBE
Chapter 21: Hemostatic therapy for intracerebral hemorrhage
Local coagulation abnormalities in ICH
Management strategies for hemostasis manipulation in non-coagulopathic ICH
Aminocaproic acid and tranexamic acid
Recombinant activated factor VII
Clinical indications for rFVIIa
Clinical trials with rFVIIa in ICH
Intracerebral Hemorrhage
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