Cover

Half-title

Title

Copyright

Contents

Contributors

Preface

Section 1 Asymmetry, handedness and language lateralization

1 Molecular mechanisms establishing consistent left–right asymmetry during vertebrate embryogenesis

Introduction

The molecular LR pathway: the conserved latter part of left–right patterning

Early biophysical components of laterality: ciliary and physiological mechanisms

Links between clinical data and molecular developmental biology, in the field of asymmetry

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

2 Cerebral lateralization in animal species

Introduction

Handedness

Handedness in primates

Great apes

Monkeys

Non-primate mammals

Birds

Amphibia

Summary of handedness studies with animals

Asymmetries for spatial orientation

Mammals

Birds

Geometric coding

Geometric coding

Landmark coding

Plasticity of cerebral asymmetries

Summary of spatial orientation studies with animals

Asymmetries of communication

Mammals

Primates

Non-primate mammals

Birds

Amphibia

Summary of studies on communication asymmetries in animals

Overall résumé

References

3 The history and geography of human handedness

Introduction

Historical differences in the rate of left-handedness

The previous two centuries

The distant past

Geographical differences in the rate of left-handedness

Ethnicity and handedness

Explaining geographical and historical differences in the rate of left-handedness

Explaining geographical differences

Euchiria, Hipressia, and Lowgenia

Explaining historical differences

The consequences of historical and geographical differences in left-handedness

Acknowledgments

References

4 The association between hand preference and.language.lateralization

The beginnings

Handedness, language, and cerebral asymmetry

Evidence from patients with aphasia

Evidence from the intracarotid sodium amobarbital procedure (Wada test)

Evidence from functional imaging

Evidence from anatomical imaging

Origins of language: from gesture to speech?

The motor theory of speech

Brain asymmetry at the individual level

Brain asymmetry at the population level

Handedness and language lateralization: what does it tell us?

References

5 The genetic basis of lateralization

Introduction

Theories of directional or chance asymmetry

The right shift theory: chance asymmetry for all plus directional asymmetry for most but not all

Tests of the RS genetic theory on family data

Is there an X-linked gene for handedness?

Handedness in twins

Inheritance of brain asymmetries

Cerebral lateralization in twins

Non-genetic influences on human lateralization

The theory of an agnosic RS+ gene in schizophrenia and autism

Appendix I

References

6 Language lateralization and handedness in twins; an.argument against a genetic basis?

Introduction

Handedness and lateralization in twins

Concordance for handedness and language lateralization in monozygotic and dizygotic twins

Predictions from genetic models on handedness

Non-genetic factors affecting handedness and language lateralization in twins

The influence of the monozygotic twinning process itself

Conclusion

References

7 Sex differences in handedness and language lateralization

Introduction

Methods

Search criteria

Combination of measurement methods

Handedness

Planum temporale

Dichotic listening

Functional imaging

Children and adults

Percentage left-handed subjects

File drawer problem

Meta-analytic techniques

Handedness

Planum temporale

Dichotic listening

Functional imaging

Results

Sex differences in handedness

Sex differences in asymmetry of the temporal plane

Sex differences in language lateralization measured with verbal dichotic listening tests

Sex differences in language lateralization measured with functional imaging

Discussion

Handedness

Planum temporale asymmetry

Language lateralization, dichotic listening

Language lateralization, functional imaging studies

Conclusion

Acknowledgment

References

Section 2 Language lateralization and psychosis

8 Hand-preference and population schizotypy: A meta-analysis

Introduction

Methods

Search criteria

Inclusion criteria

Combination of measurement methods

Handedness

A RH/NRH dichotomy

A RH/Mix/LH trichotomy

Schizotypy scales

Meta-analytic techniques

Schizotypy and right-handedness vs. non-right-handedness

Schizotypy and mixed-handedness vs. left- and right-handedness

Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ) factors and RH vs. NRH

Results

Inclusion

Schizotypy and right-handedness vs. non-right-handedness

Schizotypy and mixed-handedness vs. strong left- and right-handedness

Discussion

Acknowledgment

References

9 Functional imaging studies on language lateralization in schizophrenia patients

Introduction

Methods to evaluate the functional lateralization of language

Language tasks and the networks involved

Auditory verbal imagery

Language production tasks

Semantic decision tasks

Language comprehension tasks

Confounding variables for hemispheric lateralization for language

Longitudinal studies on language lateralization in schizophrenic patients

Language lateralization in first-episode schizophrenia

Functional lateralization in subjects at high risk of schizophrenia

Language lateralization in the relatives of schizophrenic patients

Language lateralization in other psychoses

References

10 The role of the right hemisphere for language in schizophrenia

References

11 Auditory verbal hallucinations and language lateralization

Introduction

Measuring the neurological substrate of auditory verbal hallucinations

Subjects

Experimental design

Data acquisition

Data analysis

Results

Clinical evaluation

Performance during the functional scans

Group analysis AVH

Group analysis language task

Lateralization

Discussion

Acknowledgment

References

12 Language lateralization in patients with formal thought disorder

Introduction

Formal though disorder and anatomical lateralization anomalies of the STG

Metabolic changes of the STG in patients with FTD

Functional lateralization anomalies in patients with FTD during language processing

Brain activation during language production in patients with FTD

Language comprehension deficits in patients with FTD

Deficits of simple speech and non-speech sound processing

Impaired comprehension at the word level

Impaired sentence/discourse comprehension

Structure–function relationships in patients with FTD

Conclusion

References

13 LRRTM1: a maternally suppressed genetic effect on handedness and schizophrenia

Background

Linkage mapping and replication

Parent-of-origin effect on handedness

A matching parent-of-origin effect on schizophrenia

Mapping of the 2p12-q11 effect to LRRTM1

LRRTM1 is confirmed as an imprinted gene

Functions of LRRTM1 in brain development

LRRTM1 and schizophrenia

LRRTM1 evolution

Future directions

Acknowledgments

References

Index