Lengthening the Arm of the Law :Enhancing Police Resources in the Twenty-First Century ( Cambridge Studies in Criminology )

Publication subTitle :Enhancing Police Resources in the Twenty-First Century

Publication series :Cambridge Studies in Criminology

Author: Julie Ayling; Peter Grabosky; Clifford Shearing  

Publisher: Cambridge University Press‎

Publication year: 2008

E-ISBN: 9780511460173

P-ISBN(Paperback): 9780521493512

Subject: D523.3 公安

Keyword: 犯罪学

Language: ENG

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Lengthening the Arm of the Law

Description

Relentless fiscal pressures faced by the public police over the last few decades have meant that police organisations have had to find new ways to obtain and harness the resources needed to achieve their goals. Through entering into relationships of coercion, commercial exchange, and gift with a wide variety of external institutions and individuals operating in both public and private capacities, police organisations have risen to this challenge. Indeed, police organisations are increasingly operating within a business paradigm. But what are the benefits of these relationships and the nature of the risks that might accompany reliance upon them? This book examines these new modes of exchange between police and 'outsiders' and explores how far these relationships can be taken before certain fundamental values - equity in the distribution of policing, cost-effectiveness in the delivery of police services, and the legitimacy of the police institution itself - are placed in jeopardy.

Chapter

The big picture - resource flows

Sources of Income

Items of Expenditure

Three stages of financial resourcing of police organisations

Principles

Whole-of-Government

Effectiveness

Transparency

Accountability

Managerialism

Marketization

Risk Management

Centralization

Devolution

Interactions Between Principles

Contest Mode…

Mutual Support Mode…

Oppositional Mode…

Conclusion

Chapter three Coercion

Introduction

Coercion - mandatory reporting and mandatory action

Mandatory reporting

Arguments for Mandating Reporting

Costs, Risks and Adverse Unintended Consequences

Mandatory action

Instances of Mandatory Action

Adverse Unintended Consequences

Conclusion

Chapter four Sale - Buying

Part 1: Shopping

Introduction

The Shopping List

Modes of Acquisition: Finding the Right Shop and Getting the Right Deal

DIY or ODI (Others Do It): Deciding Whether and What to Outsource

Benefits of ODI

Costs and Risks

Safeguards

Conclusion

PART 2: POLICE AS PURCHASERS OF INFORMATION

Rewards to Members of the Public

Paid Informants

Safeguards

Conclusions

Chapter five Sale - Selling

PART 1: POLICE AS COMMERCIAL SECURITY VENDORS

Background to User-Pays Policing

Forms of User-Pays Policing

Public Policing and User-Pays Policing: The Fit'

Events Policing - A Case Study

Risks and Future Directions for User-Pays Policing

Conclusion

PART 2: SELLING THE POLICE BRAND

Merchandising

Managing Use of Intellectual Property

Auctioning Seized and Unclaimed Found and Stolen Goods

Benefits

Risks

Conclusion

Chapter six Gift

PART 1: PRIVATE SPONSORSHIP OF PUBLIC POLICING

Introduction

Application to Policing

Varieties of Gift-Giving

The Risks and Consequences of Accepting Gifts

Conclusions

PART 2: PEOPLE AS A POLICING RESOURCE

Introduction

Forms of Exchange Relationship Involving People

Mapping Forms of Personal Gift

Benefits for Police and Others

Costs and Risks

Implications for Police and Conclusions

Chapter seven Ambiguous Exchanges And The Police

Introduction

The Interface of Commerce and Duress (Sale/Coercion)

Coercion in Sales by Police

Coercion in Sales to Police

Compulsion and Benevolence (Coercion/Gift)

Gifts that Compel

Gifts that Are Compelled

Legitimate Requests of a Quasi-coercive Nature

Commerce and Benevolence (Sale/Gift)

Gifts with Strings Attached: Commerce Masquerading as Gift

Gift Masquerading as Commerce

Police as Managers of Ambiguity: conclusions and implications

Mixed Motives

Linked Exchanges

Cost-Effectiveness, Equity and Legitimacy

Chapter eight Conclusions

Method

A Focus on State Police

A Typology of Exchange

A Focus on the Everyday

Exploring Normative Questions - The Balance of Advantage

Identifying and Reconciling Patterns

Articulating Design Principles - Promoting Desirable Outcomes

Implications

Multilateralism Is Embedded in Police Organisations

State Security Governance is a Collaborative Affair

The Task of Shaping Governance Directions Is Shared

Pluralism Has Had Profound Effects on Police Organisations

Contractualisation Is Occurring, but Status Is Still Important

Lengthening the Arm of the Law Creates Dangers

Three theories of exchange relationships

The Hydraulic or Zero-Sum Model

The Resource Constraint Model

The Cultural Salience Model

The scope for further research

A final word

References

Index

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