Cover

Half-title

Title

Copyright

Dedication

Contents

Figures

Tables

Preface

Objectives

Guiding principles

Scope and structure

Symbols and units

Examples and problems

Bibliography and reading lists

Prerequisites and use of the book

Acknowledgments

Partial list of symbols

Abbreviations

Part I Background

1 General background

1.1 Optical fields and Maxwell’s equations

Transformation properties

Response of medium

Boundary conditions

Optical power and energy

Wave equation

1.2 Harmonic fields

1.3 Linear optical susceptibility

1.4 Polarization of light

1.5 Propagation in an isotropic medium

Free space

Lossless medium

Medium with a loss or gain

1.6 Propagation in an anisotropic medium

Anisotropic Chi and Epsilon

Index ellipsoid

Propagation along a principal axis

Optical axes

Ordinary and extraordinary waves

Spatial beam walk-off

Optical anisotropy and crystal symmetry

1.7 Gaussian beam

1.8 Reflection and refraction

TE polarization (s wave, Sigma wave)

TM polarization (p wave, Phi wave)

1.9 Phase velocity, group velocity, and dispersion

1.10 Material dispersion

Kramers–Kronig relations

1.11 Photon nature of light

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Part II Waveguides and couplers

2 Optical waveguides

2.1 Waveguide modes

2.2 Field equations

2.3 Wave equations

Wave equations for planar waveguides

2.4 Power and orthogonality

2.5 Step-index planar waveguides

Normalized waveguide parameters

Mode parameters

Guided TE modes

Guided TM modes

Modal dispersion

Cutoff conditions

Mode confinement

2.6 Symmetric slab waveguides

2.7 Graded-index planar waveguides

Number of modes

2.8 Channel waveguides

Effective index method

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3 Optical fibers

3.1 Step-index fibers

Fiber modes

Cutoff conditions

3.2 Weakly guiding fibers

Linearly polarized modes

3.3 Graded-index fibers

Number of modes

Power-law index profiles

3.4 Attenuation in fibers

3.5 Dispersion in fibers

Material dispersion

Waveguide dispersion

Modal dispersion

Dispersion compensation

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4 Coupling of waves and modes

4.1 Coupled-wave theory

Slowly varying amplitude approximation

4.2 Coupled-mode theory

Mode expansion

Single-waveguide mode coupling

Multiple-waveguide mode coupling

4.3 Two-mode coupling

Codirectional coupling

Contradirectional coupling

Conservation of power

Phase matching

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5 Optical couplers

5.1 Grating waveguide couplers

Coupling coefficient

Distributed Bragg reflector

5.2 Directional couplers

Coupling coefficient

Supermodes

Asymmetric directional couplers

Symmetric directional couplers

5.3 Surface input and output couplers

Prism couplers

Grating couplers

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Part III Nonlinear photonics

6 Electro-optic devices

6.1 Electro-optic effects

6.2 Pockels effect

Index changes and rotation of principal axes

6.3 Electro-optic modulators

Phase modulators

Transverse phase modulators

Longitudinal phase modulators

Polarization modulators

Amplitude modulators

6.4 Guided-wave electro-optic modulators

Mach–Zehnder waveguide interferometers

Directional coupler switches

Waveguide polarization modulators

6.5 Traveling-wave modulators

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7 Magneto-optic devices

7.1 Magneto-optic effects

7.2 Faraday effect

7.3 Magneto-optic Kerr effect

7.4 Optical isolators and circulators

Polarization-dependent isolators

Polarization-independent isolators

Polarization-dependent circulators

Polarization-independent circulators

7.5 Magneto-optic modulators and sensors

Current and magnetic field sensors

Spatial light modulators

7.6 Magneto-optic recording

7.7 Guided-wave magneto-optic devices

Nonreciprocal TE–TM mode converters

Nonreciprocal phase shifters

Optical isolators

Optical circulators

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8 Acousto-optic devices

8.1 Elastic waves

8.2 Photoelastic effect

Acousto-optic figure of merit

Isotropic medium

8.3 Acousto-optic diffraction

Raman–Nath diffraction

Bragg diffraction

Small-angle Bragg diffraction: Thetai ≈ 0

Collinear Bragg diffraction: Thetai = ±Phi/2

Diffraction from a standing acoustic wave

8.4 Acousto-optic modulators

Traveling-wave modulators

Standing-wave modulators

8.5 Acousto-optic deflectors

Nonbirefringent deflectors

Birefringent deflectors

Deflectors using phased-array transducers

8.6 Acousto-optic tunable filters

8.7 Guided-wave acousto-optic devices

Modulators

Deflectors

Tunable filters

Mode converters

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9 Nonlinear optical devices

9.1 Optical nonlinearity

9.2 Nonlinear optical susceptibilities

Reality condition

Elements of susceptibility tensors

Permutation symmetry

Spatial symmetry

Nonlinear optical d coefficients

Index contraction

Unit conversion

9.3 Nonlinear optical interactions

Second-order nonlinear optical processes

Third-order nonlinear optical processes

9.4 Coupled-wave analysis

Parametric interactions

Nonparametric interactions

9.5 Phase matching

Birefringent phase matching

Angle tuning

Temperature tuning

Quasi-phase matching

9.6 Optical frequency converters

Sum-frequency generators

Difference-frequency generators

Second-harmonic generators

Optical parametric frequency converters

Optical parametric amplifiers

Optical parametric oscillators

9.7 Nonlinear optical modulators and switches

Kerr lenses

Polarization and amplitude modulators

Saturable absorbers

9.8 Bistable optical devices

Dispersive bistable optical devices

Absorptive bistable optical devices

Other bistable devices

9.9 Raman and Brillouin devices

Raman gain

Brillouin gain

Raman amplifiers

Raman generators

Brillouin amplifiers

Brillouin generators

9.10 Nonlinear optical interactions in waveguides

9.11 Guided-wave optical frequency converters

9.12 Guided-wave all-optical modulators and switches

Self-phase modulation

Two-mode interaction

Nonlinear optical mode mixers

All-optical Mach–Zehnder interferometers

Nonlinear optical loop mirrors

Nonlinear directional couplers

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Part IV Lasers

10 Laser amplifiers

10.1 Optical transitions

Spectral lineshape

Homogeneous broadening

Inhomogeneous broadening

Transition rates

Transition cross section

10.2 Optical absorption and amplification

Laser level splitting

Resonant optical susceptibility

10.3 Population inversion and optical gain

Rate equations

Population inversion

Two-level system

Three-level system

Four-level system

Optical gain

Unsaturated gain coefficient

Gain saturation

Spontaneous emission power

10.4 Laser amplifiers

Amplifier gain

Amplifier efficiency

Amplifier bandwidth

Amplifier noise

10.5 Rare-earth ion-doped fiber amplifiers

Rare-earth ion-doped fibers

Fiber amplifiers

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11 Laser oscillators

11.1 Resonant optical cavities

Longitudinal modes

Transverse modes

Cavity lifetime and quality factor

Fabry–Perot cavity

11.2 Laser oscillation

Laser threshold

Mode pulling

Oscillating laser modes

11.3 Laser power

11.4 Pulsed lasers

Gain switching

Q switching

Mode locking

11.5 Optical fiber lasers

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Part V Semiconductor optoelectronics

12 Semiconductor basics

12.1 Semiconductors

Lattice-matched compounds

Al x Ga1-x As/GaAs

In1-x Gax Asy P1-y /InP

12.2 Electron and hole concentrations

Density of states

Carriers in equilibrium

Carriers in quasi-equilibrium

12.3 Carrier recombination

Recombination processes

Carrier lifetime

12.4 Current density

12.5 Semiconductor junctions

Energy bands and electrostatic potential

p–n homojunction in thermal equilibrium

p–N heterojunction in thermal equilibrium

P–n heterojunction in thermal equilibrium

Junctions under bias

Depletion layer

Carrier distribution

Current–voltage characteristics

Capacitance

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13 Semiconductor lasers and light-emitting diodes

13.1 Radiative recombination

Radiative efficiency

Bimolecular radiative lifetime

13.2 Band-to-band optical transitions

Direct transition rates

13.3 Optical gain

Population inversion

Carrier dependence of gain

13.4 Spontaneous emission

13.5 Junction structures

Homostructures

Single heterostructures

Double heterostructures

Quantum-well structures

13.6 Lateral structures

Gain-guiding stripe geometry

Index-guiding stripe geometry

13.7 Light-emitting diodes

LED efficiency

LED construction

Light–current characteristics

Spectral characteristics

Modulation characteristics

13.8 Semiconductor optical amplifiers

13.9 Semiconductor lasers

Edge-emitting lasers

Fabry–Perot lasers

Distributed Bragg reflector lasers

Distributed feedback lasers

Surface-emitting lasers

Folded-cavity surface-emitting lasers

Grating-coupled surface-emitting lasers

Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers

13.10 Semiconductor laser characteristics

Laser threshold

Laser power

Laser efficiency

Laser spectrum

Modulation characteristics

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14 Photodetectors

14.1 Photodetector noise

Shot noise

Excess shot noise

Thermal noise

Signal-to-noise ratio

14.2 Photodetector performance parameters

Spectral response

Quantum efficiency

Responsivity

Noise equivalent power

Detectivity

Linearity and dynamic range

Speed and frequency response

14.3 Photoemissive detectors

Vacuum photodiodes

Photomultipliers

14.4 Photoconductive detectors

14.5 Junction photodiodes

p–i–n photodiodes

Heterojunction photodiodes

Schottky photodiodes

Photodiodes with multipass structures

14.6 Avalanche photodiodes

Separate absorption and multiplication APD

Graded-gap staircase APD

14.7 Guided-wave photodetectors

Waveguide photodetectors

Traveling-wave photodetectors

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Appendix A Symbols and notations

A.1 Fields

Real fields

Complex fields

Complex field amplitudes

Mode fields

A.2 Vectors and tensors

A.3 Fourier-transform pairs

A.4 Special notations

Unit vectors and normalized quantities

Modified quantities

Average values

A.5 Subscripts and superscripts

Numerals

Mathematic and Greek subscripts

Coordinate labels

Roman labels

Appendix B Table of prerequisites

Appendix C SI metric system

Appendix D Fundamental physical constants

Appendix E Fourier-transform relations

Index