Chapter
Causal Relationships Guideline
Interdependence Guideline
Operationalization Guideline
PART I GENDERING CONCEPTS
Context Guideline: definitions of democracy
Naming Guideline: women are implicitly part of the definition of democracy
Dimensions Guideline: the necessity of participation
Operationalization Guideline: women removed
Examples of the discrepancy in transition or stability measures
Examples of the discrepancy in graded measures
Zones Guideline: gendering democracy through the "gray zone"
Traveling Guideline: one consequence of women's exclusion
Causal Relationships Guideline: more implications of gendering democracy
The emergence of democracy
The age and regional prevalence of democracy
4 Gendering representation
The context of political representation
Gendering representation? Naming the concept
Dimensions of political representation
Representation as a formal participation and as “standing for”
Gendering formal and descriptive representation
What and who is represented (and by whom)?
Representation as “acting for”
Gendering substantive representation
Necessity and interdependency of the dimensions
Representation versus nonrepresentation, and the zones in between
Empirical research on gendering representation
Research on women’s formal, descriptive and substantive representation
Making the concept travel
Traditional and feminist women’s interests
Interests of the women’s movement
5 Gendering the welfare state
The concept of the welfare state
Strategies to gender comparative welfare state research
Highlighting gender separately
The gender division of labor
Concept dimensions and operationalizations
The context: the origins and meaning of governance
Naming the concept and its dimensions: how does this relate to gender?
The dimensions of the concept
The public and the private
Operationalizing the concept: global governance
Conclusions: toward a gendered concept of governance
Shifting contexts, changing names: historical perspectives
Colonial beginnings: pervasive racism and sexism
The absence of negations in all-gray zones
Comprehensive research, plus feminist critiques: 1970+
Adding new dimensions and their interdependence: entrées for women and gender
Necessity: economic growth and/or redistribution
From women’s politics to gender and the triumph of capitalism
The gender lens: what difference does/might it make?
Operationalization Guideline
Gender-disaggregated data
HDI, GDI, and GEM: numeric advances, yet flaws
Causal Relationships Guideline
PART II GENDER-SPECIFIC CONCEPTS
8 Gender ideology: masculinism and feminalism
Getting to masculinism and feminalism via gender ideology
The emergence of gender ideology: patriarchy and feminism
On naming, negation, and gray zones
Names, negations, and absences
The evolution to masculinism
Gender ideology as protoideology
Gender ideology and complexity
Interdependence: a large gray zone
Inserting gender into political ideology: dimensions and necessity
The “that” of “that which”: content of operationalization
From gender to gender ideology: operationalization
Feminalism and its utility for studying gender ideology
On traveling: feminalism and the positive pole
Causality and conclusions
What is intersectionality? The context of the concept
"Naming" intersectionality as a new concept: beyond dual systems and triple burdens
A problem with the contemporary understanding of intersectionality
Can the concept of intersectionality "travel"?
Operationalizing intersectionality
Application to study of the welfare state
An intersectional analysis of the welfare state
Summary of evaluation and comparison of the two approaches using the Guidelines
Implications for political practice: intersectionality as a model for practice
10 Women's movements, feminism, and feminist movements
Theory and research context (Context Guideline)
Democracy and democratization
Transnational activism and global issues
Building the concepts: women's movement and feminist movement
Concept 1: women’s movement
Social movement and women’s movement: what is the connection?
Concept 2: feminism and feminist movement
Basic and secondary levels
Research application of "feminism" and "feminist movement": will the RNGS concepts travel?
Apply indicators of feminism in the research context
Look for the women’s movement, not the feminists
Naming state feminism: toward a focus on WPA–WM relations
Phase 1: Nordic state feminism in the 1980s
Phase II: Australian femocracy in the early 1990s
Phase III: A cross-national approach to WPA–WM relations from 1995 to the present
The theoretical context for state feminism
Democracy, representation, and participation
A search for the drivers of state feminism through comparative analysis
The structure of state feminism as a concept
Operationalizing state feminism in the RNGS project
Does state feminism travel?
Silences on state feminism
Making state feminism travel
Appendix A website for additional gender and politics concepts
Politics, Gender, and Concepts
：Theory and Methodology
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