Cover

Half-title

Title

Copyright

Contents

Preface

1 Language revitalization as a global issue

1 Introduction

2 Assessing language vitality

3 Terminology

4 Levels of language endangerment and loss

5 Why revitalization?

2 Issues in language revitalization

1 Introduction

2 Macro-variables

2.1 The extra-national level

2.2 The national level

2.2.1 Language policy

2.2.2 Language attitudes

2.2.3 Education policies

2.2.4 Regional autonomy

2.2.5 Federal support

2.3 Regional variables

2.3.1 Regional languages

2.3.2 Language density

3 Micro-variables: the local level

3.1 Language attitudes

3.2 Human resources

3.3 Religion

3.4 Literacy

3.5 Financial resources

4 Case study: Cornish

5 Establishing appropriate goals

3 Models for revitalization

1 Introduction

2 Total-immersion programs

2.1 Te Kohanga Reo, the language nest

3 Partial-immersion or bilingual programs

4 An Introduction to Language Revitalization

5 Community-based programs

6 Master-apprentice program

7 Language reclamation models

8 Documentation as revitalization?

4 Case studies

1 Languages of the North: Siberian native languages and Soviet policy

2 Shuar (South America)

3 The Mohawk Immersion Program in Kahnawá:ke (Canada)

4 Hawaiian

5 Literacy

1 Introduction

2 Models of literacy

2.1 Autonomous literacy

2.2 Vai literacy as a counterexample to autonomous literacy

2.3 New Literacy Studies

2.3.1 Local and social literacies

2.4 Functional literacy

3 Literacy in language revitalization

3.1 Why literacy?

3.1.1 Prestige

3.1.2 Empowerment

3.1.3 Literacy as a basic human right

3.2 Arguments against literacy

3.2.1 Shifting from an oral to a written culture

3.2.2 The lack of a written tradition

3.2.3 Transitional literacy

4 Instituting local literacy

4.1 Attitudes

4.2 Assessing the prospects for successful local literacy

4.3 Creating a context

4.4 Standardization

5 Literacy teachers

6 Conclusion

6 Orthography

1 Introduction

2 Writing systems

3 Linguistic and cognitive considerations

4 Social issues

5 Underdifferentiation and functional load

6 Tone

7 Standardization of orthographies

7.1 Motivations for standardization

7.2 Implications of standardization

7.3 Process of standardization

8 Recommendations

7 Creating a language program

1 Preliminaries

1.1 Assessment of resources

1.2 Assessment of language vitality

1.3 Assessment of language variation

1.4 Assessment of needs, goals, and attitudes

2 Potential problems and how to avoid them

2.1 Problems that occur internal to the community

2.2 External barriers

3 Updating the lexicon

4 Creating a literacy program

4.1 Literacy assessment

4.2 Creating a written language

4.3 Creating materials

5 Teacher training

6 The role of technology

7 The role of the outsider

7.1 The academic

7.2 The missionary-linguist

8 Evaluation and long-term prognosis

9 Sample survey questions

9.1 Language vitality

9.2 Variation

9.3 Attitudes

9.4 Basic literacy survey

9.5 Program evaluation

10 Checklist of procedures

Appendix: Online resources

References

Index of Languages

General Index