Cover

Title

Copyright

Dedication

Contents

Preface

1 The Design of Search User Interfaces

1.1 Keeping the Interface Simple

1.2 A Historical Shift in Search Interface Design

1.3 The Process of Search Interface Design

1.4 Design Guidelines for Search Interfaces

1.5 Offer Efficient and Informative Feedback

1.6 Balance User Control with Automated Actions

1.7 Reduce Short-Term Memory Load

1.8 Provide Shortcuts

1.9 Reduce Errors

1.10 Recognize the Importance of Small Details

1.11 Recognize the Importance of Aesthetics in Design

1.12 Conclusions

2 The Evaluation of Search User Interfaces

2.1 Standard Information Retrieval Evaluation

2.2 Informal Usability Testing

2.3 Formal Studies and Controlled Experiments

2.4 Longitudinal Studies

2.5 Analyzing Search Engine Server Logs

2.6 Large-Scale Log-Based Usability Testing (Bucket Testing)

2.7 Special Concerns with Evaluating Search Interfaces

2.8 Conclusions

3 Models of the Information Seeking Process

3.1 The Standard Model of Information Seeking

3.2 Cognitive Models of Information Seeking

3.3 The Dynamic (Berry-Picking) Model

3.4 Information Seeking in Stages

3.5 Information Seeking as a Strategic Process

3.6 Sensemaking: Search as Part of a Larger Process

3.7 Information Needs and Query Intent

3.8 Conclusions

4 Query Specification

4.1 Textual Query Specification

4.2 Query Specification via Entry Form Interfaces

4.3 Dynamic Term Suggestions During Query Specification

4.4 Query Specification Using Boolean and Other Operators

4.5 Query Specification Using Command Languages

4.6 Conclusions

5 Presentation of Search Results

5.1 Document Surrogates

5.2 KWIC, or Query-Oriented Summaries

5.3 Highlighting Query Terms

5.4 Additional Features of Results Listings

5.5 The Effects of Search Results Ordering

5.6 Visualization of Search Results

5.7 Conclusions

6 Query Reformulation

6.1 The Need for Reformulation

6.2 Spelling Suggestions and Corrections

6.3 Automated Term Suggestions

6.4 Suggesting Popular Destinations

6.5 Relevance Feedback

6.6 Showing Related Articles (More Like This)

6.7 Conclusions

7 Supporting the Search Process

7.1 Starting Points for Search

7.2 Supporting Search History

7.3 Supporting the Search Process as a Whole

7.4 Integrating Search with Sensemaking

7.5 Conclusions

8 Integrating Navigation with Search

8.1 Categories for Navigating and Narrowing

8.2 Categories for Grouping Search Results

8.3 Categories for Sorting and Filtering Search Results

8.4 Organizing Search Results via Table-of-Contents Views

8.5 The Decline of Hierarchical Navigation of Web Content

8.6 Faceted Navigation

8.7 Navigating via Social Tagging and Social Bookmarking

8.8 Clustering in Search Interfaces

8.9 Clusters vs. Categories in Search Interfaces

8.10 Conclusions

9 Personalization in Search

9.1 Personalization Based on Explicit Preferences

9.2 Personalization Based on Implicit Relevance Cues

9.3 Combining Implicit and Explicit Information

9.4 Searching over Personal Information

9.5 Conclusions

10 Information Visualization for Search Interfaces

10.1 Principles of Information Visualization

10.2 Techniques for Interactive Visualization

10.3 The Effects of Data Types on Information Visualization

10.4 The Difficulties with Visualizing Nominal Data

10.5 Visualization for Query Specification

10.6 Visualizing Query TermsWithin a Large Document

10.7 Visualizing Query TermsWithin Retrieval Results

10.8 Visualizing Faceted Navigation

10.9 Visualizing Search Results as Clusters and “Starfields”

10.10 3D Visualization in Search

10.11 Conclusions

11 Information Visualization for Text Analysis

11.1 Visualization for Text Mining

11.2 Visualizing Document Concordances and Word Frequencies

11.3 Visualizing Literature and Citation Relationships

11.4 Conclusions

12 Emerging Trends in Search Interfaces

12.1 Mobile Search Interfaces

12.2 Multimedia Search Interfaces

12.3 Social Search

12.4 A Hybrid of Command and Natural Language Search

12.5 Conclusions

Appendix: Additional Copyright Notices

Bibliography

Index

Author Index