Skin Infections :Diagnosis and Treatment

Publication subTitle :Diagnosis and Treatment

Author: John C. Hall; Brian J. Hall  

Publisher: Cambridge University Press‎

Publication year: 2009

E-ISBN: 9780511530746

P-ISBN(Paperback): 9780521897297

Subject: R751 皮肤病学

Keyword: 皮肤病学与性病学

Language: ENG

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Skin Infections

Description

This is the first textbook linking the two disciplines of dermatology and infectious diseases. As the number of elderly, AIDS, transplant and cancer surviving patients continues to rapidly increase worldwide, all medical personnel need to be able to rapidly recognize and treat infections. The skin is the most easily accessed and monitored of all organs and is often the first sign of infection. Knowledge of the integument's link to infection is a must for the modern medical nurse, nurse practitioner, medical student, resident and practitioner. To accomplish these goals, the text features authors from around the world who are considered experts in their various fields of expertise. The book is organized into types of infections, locations in the integument, and specific subpopulations of patients at risk and regional variations of infections.

Chapter

2 COMMON VIRAL INFECTIONS

HISTORY

DNA VIRUSES

POX VIRUSES

Molluscipox (Molluscum Contagiosum)

Clinical Manifestations

Treatment

Orthopox

Smallpox

Clinical Manifestations

Treatment

Vaccination

Clinical Manifestations

Treatment

Monkeypox

Cowpox

Clinical Manifestations

Parapox

Orf (Ecthyma Contagiosum, Scabby Mouth)

Clinical Manifestations

Diagnosis

Treatment

Milker’s Nodules (Paravaccinia)

Clinical Manifestations

Diagnosis

Treatment

HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS

Diseases and Associated HPV Subtypes

Nongenital Cutaneous Diseases (See Table 2.1 )

Treatment

Treatment

Treatment

Epidermodysplasia verruciformis

Treatment

Treatment

Anogenital Disease (See Table 2.2 )

Treatment

Clinical manifestations

Treatment

Preventative Therapies

Treatment

Nongenital Mucosal Disease (See Table 2.3 )

Treatments for HPV

HUMAN HERPES VIRUSES SEE TABLE 2.5

Human Herpesvirus 1: Herpes Simplex Virus 1

Viral properties

Clinical Manifestations

Diagnosis

Treatment

Human Herpesvirus 2: Herpes Simplex Virus 2

Viral properties

Clinical Manifestations

Treatment

Herpes Simplex Virus in Immunosuppressed Patients

Treatment

Various Herpes Presentations (See Table 2.6 )

Congential Herpes Simplex Virus

Treatment

Human herpes virus 3: Varicella-zoster Virus

In utero infections:

Treatment

Prophylaxis

Diagnosis

Treatment of herpes zoster

Treatment of postherpetic neuralgia

Prophylaxis

Human Herpes Virus 4: Epstein-Barr Virus

Diagnosis of EBV

Treatment

Human Herpes Virus 5: Cytomegalovirus

Congenital CMV

HIV and CMV

Diagnosis

Treatment

Human Herpes Virus 6: Roseola Infantum

Clinical Manifestations

HIV and HHV-6

Bone marrow transplant patients and HHV-6

Diagnosis

Treatment

Human Herpes Virus 7

Diagnosis

Treatment

Human Herpes Virus 8: Kaposi’s Sarcoma

Clinical Manifestations

Diagnosis

Treatment

Herpes Virus B: Herpes Simiae

Treatment

PARVO VIRUSES

Parvovirus B19: “Slapped Cheeks,” Fifth Disease, Erythema Infectiosum

Clinical Manifestations

Diagnosis

Treatment

HEPADNA VIRUSE

Hepatitis B

Clinical Manifestations

Diagnosis

Treatment

RNA VIRUSES

Picornaviruses

Enteroviruses

Clinical Manifestations

Diagnosis

Treatment

Clinical Manifestations

Treatment

Hepatitis A virus

Hepatitis A

Treatment

Paramyxoviruses

Rubeola/Measles

Clinical Manifestations

Complications

Diagnosis

Treatment

Prophylaxis

Togaviruses

Rubella: German Measles

Clinical Manifestations

Congenital Rubella Syndrome

Diagnosis

Treatment

Flaviviruses

Hepatitis C

Clinical Manifestations

Treatment

Retroviruses

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Diagnosis

Treatment

PITFALLS AND MYTHS

SUGGESTED READING

3 COMMON FUNGAL INFECTIONS

HISTORY

EPIDEMIOLOGY

DIAGNOSIS

THERAPY

Antifungal Medications

Tinea Pedis/Manuum

Tinea Corporis/Cruris/Faciei

Tinea Capitis

Tinea unguium (Onychomycosis)

Pityriasis versicolor

PITFALLS AND MYTHS

SUGGESTED READINGS

PART II: LESS COMMON INFECTIONS

3 CUTANEOUS TUBERCULOSIS

HISTORY

INTRODUCTION

PATHOGENESIS

DIAGNOSIS

CLASSIFICATION

CLINICAL FEATURES

Lupus Vulgaris

Scrofuloderma

Tuberculosis Verrucosa Cutis (Warty Tuberculosis)

Primary Inoculation Tuberculosis (Tuberculous Chancre)

Acute Disseminated Miliary Tuberculosis

Orificial Tuberculosis

Tuberculous Gumma

Tuberculids

Papulonecrotic tuberculids

Lichen scrofulosorum

Erythema Induratum of Bazin

Erythema Nodosum

HISTOPATHOLOGY

SYSTEMIC IN VOLVEMENT

TUBERCULOSIS OF THE BREAST

BCG PROPHYLAXIS

TREATMENT

PITFALLS AND MYTHS

SUGGESTED READINGS

5 LEPROSY

INTRODUCTION

HISTORY

EPIDEMIOLOGY, MICROBIOLOGY, AND TRANSMISSION

PATHOGENICITY AND IMMUNOLOGY

CLINICAL FINDINGS AND CLASSIFICATION CRITERIA

Ridley–Jopling Classification

WHO Classification

HYPER SENSITIVITY REACTIONS

LABORATORY TESTS

PATHOLOGY

TREATMENT AND THERAPY

PITFALLS AND MYTHS

CONCLUSIONS

SUGGESTED READINGS

6 ATYPICAL MYCOBACTERIA

HISTORY

CLASSIFICATION

Mycobacterium marinum

Mycobacterium kansasii

Mycobacterium scrofulaceum

Mycobacterium avium Complex

Mycobacterium fortuitum Complex

Mycobacterium chelonae–Mycobacterium abscessus Complex

CLINICAL PRESENTATION

DIAGNOSIS

THERAPY

PITFALLS AND MYTHS

SUGGESTED READINGS

7 ARTHROPOD BORNE INFECTION

INTRODUCTION

HISTORY

EPIDEMIOLOGY

DIAGNOSIS

THERAPY

PITFALLS AND MYTHS

SUGGEST ED READI NGS

8 DEEP FUNGAL INFECTIONS

INTRODUCTION

HISTORY

SUBCUTANEOUS MYCOSIS

Mycetoma

Chromomycosis

Treatment

Sporotrichosis

Treatment

Lobomycosis

Diagnosis

Treatment

Rhinosporidiosis

Epidemiology

Diagnosis

Treatment

SYSTEMIC MYCOSIS

Histoplasmosis

Diagnosis

Treatment

Blastomycosis (North American Blastomycosis)

Diagnosis

Treatment

Coccidioidomycosis

Paracoccidioidomycosis (South American Blastomycosis)

Diagnosis

Treatment

Zygomycosis

Mucormycosis

Treatment

Entomophthoromycosis

Treatment

Cryptococcosis

Diagnosis

Treatment

Phaeohyphomycosis

Hyalohyphomycosis

Treatment

OTHER OPPORTUNISTIC DEEP CUTANEOUS FUNGAL INFECTIONS

PITFALLS AND MYTHS

SUGGESTED READINGS

9 PARASITOLOGY

HISTORY

PROTOZOA

Leishmaniasis

Enteric Amebiasis

Free-Living Amebas

Trypanosomiasis

HELMINTHS

Nematodes

Filariasis

Loiasis

Onchocerciasis

Dracunculiasis

Cutaneous larva migrans

Gnathostomiasis

Trichinellosis

Mansonelliasis

Enterobiasis (Pinworms)

Cestodes

Cysticercosis

Echinococcosis

Sparganosis

Coenurosis

Trematodes

Schistosomiasis

Fasciolasis

Paragonomiasis

PITFALLS AND MYTHS

SUGGESTED READINGS

Textbooks

Protozoa

Helminths

PART III: INFECTIONS INSELECTED ECOSYSTEMS

10 INFECTIONS IN THE DESERT

EASTERN HEMISPHERE: OLD WORLD CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS

History

Epidemiology

Transmission: Sandfly Vector and Leishmania Lifecycle

Prevention

Clinical Presentation

Diagnostic Procedures

Treatment

Follow-up

WESTERN HEMISPHERE: COCCIDIOI DOMYCOSIS AND THE SKI N]

History

Epidemiology

Diagnosis

Erythema Nodosum

Acute Exanthem

Erythema Multiforme-like Eruptions

Sweet’s Syndrome

Interstitial Granulomatous Dermatitis

Disseminated Infection

Primary Cutaneous Coccidioidomycosis

Serologic testing

Therapy

Pitfalls and Myths

SUGGESTED READINGS

Eastern Hemisphere: Old World Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

Western Hemisphere: Coccidioidomycosis and the Skin

11 INFECTION IN THE TROPICS

INTRODUCTION

HISTORY

VIRUS

Hemorrhagic Fevers

Dengue Fever

Yellow Fever

West Nile Virus

Barmah Forest Virus

Marburg and Ebola

Lassa Fever

South American Hemorrhagic Fevers (Argentina, Bolivia, Venezuela, and Brazil):

SUPER FICIAL MYCOSES

White Piedra

Black Piedra

Tinea Nigra

SUBCUTANEOUS AND DEEP MYCOSES

Sporotrichosis

Chromoblastomycosis

Mycetoma

Lobomycosis

Paracoccidioidomycosis

PROTOZOA

Chagas’ disease

Mucocutaneous or Tegmental Leishmaniasis

PITFALLS AND MYTHS

SUGGESTED READINGS

12 AQUATIC DERMATOLOGY

HISTORY

DERMATITIS FROM COELENTERATES

Reactions to jellyfish

Reactions to actinias

Sea bathers’ eruption

Reactions to physaliae, corals, and hydroids

DERMATOSES DUE TO ECHINODERMS

Reactions to sea urchins

Reactions to starfish

DERMATOSES FROM MOLLUSKS

LESIONS FROM ARTHROPODS

DERMATITIS FROM SPONGES

DERMATITIS FROM ALGAE AND BRYOZOANS

Dermatitis from algae

Protothecosis

Dermatitis from Bryozoans

DERMATOSES FROM AQUATIC WORMS

Dermatitis from cercariae

Onchocercosis

Reactions to leeches

Dermatitis from Polychaetes

Dermatitis from contact with bait

Dermatitis from Nematodes

Larva migrans cutanea

DERMATITIS FROM FISH

DERMATOS IS DUE TO AQUATIC BAC T E R IA

Infection by Mycobacterium marinum

Erysipeloid

PITFALLS AND MYTHS

SUGGESTED READINGS

PART IV: INFECTIONS INSELECTED PATIENT POPULATIONS

13 SKIN INFECTIONS IN HIV PATIENTS

HISTORY

ACUTE EXANTHEM OF HIV INFECTION

Herpes simplex virus

Varicella-zoster virus

Cytomegalovirus

Epstein–Barr virus

Poxvirus

Human papillomavirus

Human Herpes Virus 8

BACTERIAL INFECTIONS

Folliculitis

Impetigo, abscesses, cellulitis, and necrotizing fasciitis

Mycobacterial infections

Bacillary angiomatosis

SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE

Syphilis

Other Sexually Transmitted Diseases

FUNGAL INFECTIONS

Candidiasis

Dermatophytosis

Pneumocystosis

Cryptococcus

Histoplasmosis

Coccidiomycosis

Aspergillosis

Paracoccidiomycosis

Penicilliosis

Other Fungal Infections

PARASITIC AND ECTOPARASITIC I N F E C T IONS

Scabies

Demodicidosis

Acanthamebiasis

Leishmaniasis

PITFALLS AND MYTHS

SUGGEST E D READI NG S

14 INFECTIONS IN ORGAN TRANSPLANT PATIENTS

HISTORY

BACTERIAL DISEASE IN TRANSPLANTATION

Staphylococcus aureus

B-hemolytic streptococcus

Necrotizing fasciitis

Gram-negative bacilli

Vibrio vulnificus

Bacillary Angiomatosis

Nocardiosis

SUGGESTED READINGS

VIRAL DISEASE IN TRANSPLANTATION

Herpetoviridae (human herpesviruses)

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) -1 and -2

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV)

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)

Cytomegalovirus

Human herpesvirus-8

Molluscum contagiosum virus

Human papillomavirus infections

PITFALLS AND MYTHS

SUGGESTED READINGS

15 CANCER PATIENTS AND SKIN INFECTIONS

HISTORY

EPIDEMIOLOGY

DIAGNOSIS

THERAPY

PITFALLS AND MYTHS

SUGGESTED READING

16 SKIN INFECTIONS IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS

INTRODUCTION

HISTORY

GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIA

Impetigo

Ecthyma

Erysipelas

Perianal Streptococcal Dermatitis

Blistering Dactylitis

Scarlet Fever

Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome

Toxic Shock Syndrome

Furuncles and Carbuncles

Cellulitis

Periorbital and Orbital Cellulitis

Methicillin-resistant community-acquired

Necrotizing Fasciitis

Folliculitis

Erythrasma

Trichomycosis Axillaris

Pitted Keratolysis

Erysipeloid

GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA

Ecthyma Gangrenosum

Pseudomonal Folliculitis and Hot-Foot Syndrome

Meningococcemia

Gonorrhea

Cat-Scratch Disease

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Ehrlichiosis

SPIROCHETES

Lyme Disease

Endemic treponematoses

OTHER

Pseudofolliculitis Barbae

Eosinophilic Pustular Folliculitis

Noma (cancrum oris)

FUNGAL INFECTIONS

Dermatophytes

Diagnosis

Treatment

Systemic therapy

Tinea faceii

Diagnosis

Treatment

Tinea imbricata (Tokelau)

Treatment

Tinea versicolor (Pityriasis versicolor)

Tinea nigra

Piedra

Candidiasis

Clinical

Invasive fungal dermatitis

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis

CONGENITAL INFECTIONS

Congenital toxoplasmosis

Congenital syphilis

Diagnosis and Treatment

Congenital rubella

Diagnosis

Treatment

Congenital Cytomegalovirus

Congenital and neonatal herpes simplex virus (HSV)

Diagnosis

Congenital varicella

Congenital parvovirus B19

VIRAL DISEASES OF THE SKIN

Herpes simplex virus

Verruca

Molluscum and poxviridae

Course

Treatment

Monkeypox

Vaccinia and Variola

INFESTATIONS

Pediculosis

Mites

Spiders

Scorpions

Papular urticaria

Fleas

Bedbugs

Stinging Insects

Blister beetles

Caterpillars and Moths

PITFALLS AND MYTHS

SUGGESTED READINGS

17 SKIN INFECTIONS IN THE ELDERLY

INTRODUCTION

HISTORY

BACTERIAL INFECTIONS

Cellulitis and Erysipelas

Impetigo, folliculitis, and furunculosis

Necrotizing fasciitis

HERPES ZOSTER

FUNGAL INFECTIONS

Candidiasis

Onychomycosis

Tinea Pedis and Manuum

PITFALLS AND MYTHS

SUGGESTED READING

18 SKIN INFECTIONS IN ATHLETES

INTRODUCTION

HISTORY

BACTERIAL INFECTIONS

Clinical Features

Impetigo

Furunculosis

Folliculitis

Diagnosis

Therapy and Prevention

Pitted Keratolysis

Gram-Negative Infections (Hot tub folliculitis, green foot, tropical ulcers, hot foot syndrome)

Hot Tub Folliculitis

Green Foot

Tropical Ulcers

Hot Foot Syndrome

VIRAL INFECTIONS

Herpes Simplex Virus

Reactivation

Skin-to-skin transmission

Molluscum

Verruca

FUNGAL INFECTIONS

Tinea Pedis

Tinea Corporis Gladiatorum

ATYPICAL MYCOBACTERIA SWIMMING

PITFALLS AND MYTHS

SUGGEST E D READI NG

19 SKIN INFECTIONS IN DIABETES MELLITUS

HISTORY

EPIDEMIOLOGY

DIAGNOSIS

CUTANEOUS INFECTIONS THAT MAY BE INDICATIVE OF UNDERLYING DIABETES MELLITUS

Candida infections

Dermatophyte Fungal Infections

Cutaneous Bacterial Infections in Diabetics

Erythrasma

LIFE THREATENING INFECTIONS IN DIABETICS

Necrotizing fasciitis

Fournier’s Gangrene

Malignant otitis externa

Rhinocerebral mucormycosis

PITFALLS AND MYTHS

PRINCIPLES OF THERAPY IN DIABETIC PATIENTS WITH CUTANEOUS INFECTIONS

SUGGESTED READING

PART V: INFECTIONS OF SPECIFIC SKIN ASSOCIAT ED BODY SITES

20 INFECTIONS OF THE SCALP

INTRODUCTION

HISTORY

SCALP ANATOMY

FUNGAL INFECTIONS

Seborrheic dermatitis and pityriasis capitis

Pityriasis Amiantacea

Tinea Capitis

Piedra

PARASITIC INFECTIONS

Pediculosis capitis

Demodecidosis

Scabies

BACTERIAL INFECTIONS

Folliculitis

Staphylococcal folliculitis

Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis

Impetigo

Erysipelas and Scalp Cellulitis

Postoperative Scalp Infections

Intrauterine fetal monitoring devices

SCALP CONDITIONS WITH PRESUMED BAC T E R IA L E T IOLO GY

Acne miliaris necrotica

Folliculitis keloidalis (Acne keloidalis)

Folliculitis Decalvans and Dissecting Cellulitis of the Scalp

Erosive Pustular Dermatosis of the Scalp

UNUSUAL INFECTIONS

Syphilis Infection

Mycobacterial infection

VIRAL INFECTIONS

Warts

Molluscum contagiosum

Herpes viral infections

INFECTIONS IN TRANSPLANTPATIENTS

PITFALLS AND MYTHS

CONCLUSION

SUGGESTED READINGS

21 INFECTIONS OF TH E NAIL UNIT

HISTORY

NAIL UNIT STRUCTURE

MICROBIAL PARONYCH IAL INFECTIONS

Acute Paronychia

Chronic Paronychia

FUNGAL INFECTIONS OF THE NAIL

Distal and Lateral Subungual Onychomycosis

Proximal Subungual Onychomycosis

White or Black Superficial Onychomycosis

Midplate onychomycosis

Total Dystrophic Onychomycosis

COMBINED VARIANTS OF ONYCHOMYCOSIS

ONYCHOMYCOS IS RELAPSE

PITFALLS AND MYTHS

CONCLUSION

SUGGESTED READINGS

22 INFECTIONS OF THE MUCOUS MEMBRANES

HISTORY

VIRAL INFECTIONS: DNA VIRUSES

Human herpesviruses

Human herpesvirus 1 and human herpesvirus 2

Human herpesvirus 3 (varicella-zoster virus)

Human herpesvirus 4 (Epstein-Barr virus)

Human herpesvirus 5 (cytomegalovirus)

Human herpesvirus 6

Human herpesvirus 7

Human herpesvirus 8

Human papillomavirus

Parvovirus B19

Molluscum contagiosum

RNA Viruses

Hand-foot-and-mouth disease

Herpangina

Measles

Mumps

Rubella

RNA Retroviruses

Human immunodeficiency virus

Human T-lymphotropic virus

FUNGAL INFECTIONS

Superficial Mycoses

Candida spp.

Subcutaneous Mycoses

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis

Deep Mycoses ( Table 22.6 )

Non-Endemic Mycoses

Disseminated candidiasis

Mucormycosis (zygomycosis)

Cryptococcosis

Aspergillosis

Endemic Mycoses

Histoplasmosis

Blastomycosis

Paracoccidioidomycosis

Coccidioidomycosis

BACTERIAL INFECTIONS

Sexually Transmitted Infections of Bacterial Origin ( Table 22.8 )

Chlamydia

Gonorrhea

Chancroid

Spirochetes

Syphilis

Mycobacteria

Tuberculosis

Mycobacterium avium intracellulare

Leprosy (Hansen disease)

Other Mucosal Infections of Bacterial Origin

Streptococcus

Staphylococcus

Diphtheria

Actinomycosis

Rhinoscleroma

Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis

Noma (cancrum oris, gangrenous stomatitis)

Anthrax

Bacterial vaginosis

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Tetanus

Protozoa

Trichomoniasis

Leishmaniasis

PITFALLS AND MYTHS

SUGGESTED READINGS

VIRUSES

FUNGI

BACTERIA

PROTOZOA

PART VI: SPECIAL DISEASE CATEGORIES

2 3 INFECTIONS IN SKIN SURGERY

HISTORY

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF SKIN SURGERY INFECTIONS

Definition and Classification

Risk factors

Intrinsic factors related to the patient

Factors related to the nature of the surgical procedure

TYPE OF PROCEDURE AND REPAIR

MANAGEMENT AND PREVENTION

Management of infection after skin surgery

Aseptic technique

Surgical site care

Antibiotic prophylaxis

PITFALLS AND MYTHS

CONCLUSION

SUGGESTED READINGS

2 4 VENEREAL DISEASES

INTRODUCTION

HISTORY

Syphilis

Epidemiology

Clinical presentation and diagnosis

Treatment

Chancroid

Epidemiology

Clinical presentation and diagnosis

Treatment

Lymphogranuloma venereum

Epidemiology

Clinical presentation and diagnosis

Treatment

Granuloma inguinale

Epidemiology

Clinical presentation and diagnosis

Treatment

Gonorrhea

Epidemiology

Clinical presentation and diagnosis

Treatment

Genital Bite Wounds

Scabies

Pubic Lice

Genital Herpes

Anogenital Warts

PITFAL L S A N D MYTHS

Syphilis

Chancroid

Lymphogranuloma Venereum

Granuloma Inguinale

Gonorrhea

SUGGESTED READINGS

25 LIFE THREATENING SKIN INFECTIONS:SKIN SIGNS OF IMPORTANT BACTERIAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES

HISTORY

MENINGOCOCCAL DISEASE

Clinical Manifestations

Diagnosis

Management

ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER

Clinical manifestations

Diagnosis

Management

STAPHYLO COCCALTOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME

Clinical Manifestations

Diagnosis

Management

STREPTOCOCC ALTOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME

Clinical Manifestation

Diagnosis

Management

PITFALLS AND MYTHS

Meningococcal Disease

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome

Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome

SUGGESTED READINGS

Index

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