Front Cover

Handbook of Antimicrobial Coatings

Handbook of Antimicrobial Coatings

Copyright

Contents

List of Contributors

1 - Antimicrobial Coatings—Technology Advancement or Scientific Myth

1. Introduction

2. Current State of Work

3. The Industrial Product Analysis

4. Conclusion

Acknowledgments

2 - Antimicrobial and Antifungal Treatments for US Army Applications

1. Introduction

2. Historical Perspective

3. Military Textile Treatments in the Modern Warfare Era

3.1 New Combat Theaters (1900–45)

3.2 Research Advancements in Textile Treatments (1945–74)

3.3 Environmental Impacts and Regulatory Challenges (1964–90)

4. Recent US Army Textile Research Focus

4.1 Deemphasis on Natural Biological Degradation

4.2 Uniforms and Soldier Health

5. Current Gaps and Needs

5.1 Shelters

5.2 Uniforms and Soldier Health

5.3 Test Methods

6. Conclusions

References

3 - Polymer-Based Antimicrobial Coatings as Potential Biomaterials: From Action to Application

1. Introduction

2. Basic Concepts of Antibacterial Coating

2.1 Antiadhesive Approach

2.2 Surfaces With Intrinsically Antibacterial Properties

2.2.1 Coating of Implant Surface by Antiinfective Metals

2.2.1.1 Silver

2.2.1.2 Copper

2.2.1.3 Quaternary Ammonium Compounds

2.2.1.4 Hydroxyapatite Ca10(Po4)6(OH)2

2.3 Surface Coating With Photosensitizers

2.4 Microorganism-Repellant Coatings

2.4.1 Coatings Acting by Steric Repulsion and Their “Superhydrophilic” Properties

2.4.2 Coatings Acting by Electrostatic Repulsion

2.5 Coatings With Modified Surface Energy

2.5.1 Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Coatings

2.5.2 Superhydrophilic and Superhydrophobic Coatings/Materials

2.6 Coating by Using Enzymatic Activity

2.7 Nanostructured Surfaces and Coatings

3. Evaluation of Antimicrobial Properties

3.1 Principle of Antimicrobial Effectivity

3.2 Evaluation Methods for Antibiotic Efficiency

3.2.1 Various Methods of Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing

3.2.1.1 Qualitative Methods

3.2.1.1.1 Inoculum

3.2.1.1.2 Disks

3.2.1.1.3 Agar Medium

3.2.1.1.4 Nutritional Requirements

3.2.1.1.5 Incubation Temperature, Atmosphere, and Time

3.2.1.1.6 Inoculum Growth

3.2.1.1.7 Measuring Zones of Growth Inhibition

3.2.2 Other Diffusion Methods

3.2.2.1 Agar Well Diffusion Method

3.2.2.2 Agar Plug Diffusion Method

3.2.2.3 Cross-Streak Method

3.2.2.4 Poisoned Food Method

3.2.3 Quantitative Methods: Dilution Method

3.2.3.1 Broth Dilution Methods

3.2.3.2 Agar Dilution Methods

3.2.3.2.1 Macrobroth Dilution Tests

3.2.3.2.2 Microbroth Dilution Tests

3.2.3.2.3 Agar Dilution Method

3.2.4 Thin-Layer Chromatography–Bioautography

3.2.4.1 Agar Diffusion

3.2.4.2 Direct Bioautography

3.2.4.3 Agar Overlay Bioassay

3.2.5 Time-Kill Test

3.2.6 Adenosine Triphosphate Bioluminescence Assay

3.2.7 Flow Cytofluorometric Method

3.3 Factors

3.3.1 Some Basic Factors That Affect the Antimicrobial Activity

3.3.1.1 pH

3.3.1.2 Moisture

3.3.1.3 Effects of Thymidine or Thymine

3.3.1.4 Effects of Variation in Divalent Cations

3.3.1.5 Testing Strains That Fail to Grow Satisfactorily

3.4 Dilution Methods

3.4.1 Minimum Inhibitory Concentration

3.4.1.1 Broth Dilution Method

3.4.1.2 Microbroth Dilution Test

3.4.1.3 The Agar Dilution Method

3.4.1.3.1 Comparison of Disk Diffusion With Agar Dilution and Broth Microdilution

3.5 Dilution and Diffusion

3.6 Bacteriologic Test Method

References

Further Reading

4 - Basic Strategies and Testing Methods to Develop Effective Edible Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Coating

1. Introduction

2. Basic Strategies to Develop Effective Edible Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Coatings

3. Formulation of Edible Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Coatings

3.1 Selection of Edible Coating Material

3.2 Selection of Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Compounds

3.3 Selection of Other Film Ingredients

4. Preparation of Film-Forming Solutions

5. Basic Testing Methods of Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Coatings

5.1 Release Tests

5.1.1 Release Tests in Liquid Media

5.1.2 Release Tests in Gel Media

5.1.3 Release Tests in Target Food

5.2 Test of Antimicrobial Properties

5.2.1 Classical Zone Inhibition Tests on Agar Media

5.2.2 Inhibition Tests in Broth Medium

5.2.3 Antimicrobial Tests on Specific Food Samples

5.3 Test of Antioxidant Properties

5.3.1 Soluble Antioxidant Properties

5.3.2 Bound Antioxidant Properties

5.3.3 Antioxidant Tests in Specific Food Samples

6. Conclusions

References

Further Reading

5 - Preparation and Antibacterial Properties of Reactive Surface Coatings Using Solar Energy Driven Photocatalyst

1. The Necessity of Novel Antibacterial Coatings

2. Photoreactive Surfaces

2.1 Second Generation Photocatalyst Particles

2.2 Photocatalyst Immobilization, Nanohybrid Surfaces

3. Antibacterial Feature of Photoreactive Coatings

3.1 Bacterial Adhesion on Photocatalyst Surfaces

3.2 Mechanism of Antibacterial Activity of Photocatalyst Nanoparticles

3.2.1 Reactive Radicals with High Oxidation Potential Value

3.2.2 Bacterial Toxicity of Nanoparticles

3.3 Measuring of Antibacterial Efficiency

4. Water-Repellent Self-Cleaning Surfaces with Photocatalytic Properties

References

Further Reading

6 - Biological Characterization of Antimicrobial Coatings

1. Methods for the Determination of Efficacy of Biocidal Agents in Hard Surfaces

2. Qualitative Efficacy Testing

3. Analysis of Antimicrobial Activity of Nanoparticles

3.1 Bacterial Cell Enumeration

3.2 Testing Antimicrobial Efficacy on Various Surfaces-JIS Z2801

3.3 Incorporated Antimicrobial Agents in Polymers-ASTM E2180

3.4 Determining the Antimicrobial Activity of Antimicrobial Agents Under Dynamic Contact Conditions-ASTM E2149

3.5 Determining Resistance of Synthetic Polymeric Materials to Fungi-ASTM G21

4. EPA Copper Test Surface Methodology

4.1 Other Methods

5. Effect of Chitosan–Copper Nanoparticles on Inhibition of Microbial Growth

6. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration

6.1 Staining of Bacterial Cells

7. Miscellaneous Techniques for Microbial Detection

References

Further Reading

7 - Coating Technologies for Antimicrobial Textile Surfaces: State of the Art and Future Prospects for Textile Finishing

1. Antimicrobials for Textile Applications

1.1 Antimicrobial Agents

2. Materials for Textile Coating

3. Antimicrobial Coating of Textile Materials

References

8 - Formation of Antibacterial Paper Coated With Flavor and Essential Oils Encapsulated by Spray Drying

1. Introduction

2. Natural Bioactive Compounds as Antibacterial Agents

3. Development and Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Coating Systems

4. The Release of Antimicrobial Agents Based on Essential Oils

5. Formation of Antibacterial-Based Flavor by Spray Drying

6. Summary

References

9 - Promising Antimicrobial Properties of Silicon-Based Thin-Film Coatings

1. Introduction

2. Amorphous Silicon–Oxygen Thin-Film Alloys

2.1 General Properties

2.2 Physicochemical Analysis of the Dental Resin Substrates

2.3 Deposition Procedure

2.4 Physicochemical Analysis of the Coated Samples

3. Bacterial Adhesion

4. Conclusions

References

10 - Metallic Coatings on Fabrics for Antimicrobial Purposes

1. Introduction

2. Antimicrobial Reagent for Fabric

3. Metallization Process for Textile Finishing

3.1 Wet Processes

3.2 Dry Processes

4. Evaluation of Antimicrobial Textile

4.1 Antimicrobial Efficacy Test for Fabric

4.2 Durability Test for Metallized Fabrics

5. Remarks and Outlooks

References

11 - Natural Antimicrobial Materials for Use in Food Packaging

1. Introduction

2. Natural Antimicrobials

2.1 Essentials Oils and Oleoresins

2.1.1 Emulsification of Essential Oils

2.1.2 Factors that Affect Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils

2.1.3 Mode of Antimicrobial Action of Essential Oils

2.1.4 Application of Essential Oils in Antimicrobial Active Packaging Systems for Food Preservation

2.2 Antimicrobial Polysaccharides

2.2.1 Chitosan

2.2.2 Chitosan Nanoparticles

2.2.3 Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors that Affect Chitosan's Antimicrobial Activity

2.2.4 Mode of Antimicrobial Action of Chitosan

2.2.5 Applications of Chitosan in Antimicrobial Active Packaging Systems for Food Preservation

2.3 Organic Acids

2.3.1 Factors That Affect Antimicrobial Activity of Organic Acids

2.3.2 Mode of Action of Organic Acids

2.3.3 Applications of Organic Acids in Antimicrobial Active Packaging Systems for Food Preservation

2.4 Bacteriocins

2.4.1 Nisin

2.4.2 Factors that Affect Antimicrobial Activity of Nisin

2.4.3 Mode of Antimicrobial Activity of Nisin

2.4.4 Applications of Nisin in Antimicrobial Active Packaging Systems for Food Preservation

2.5 Comparison of Silver Nanoparticles and Food-Derived Nanoparticles

3. Development of Antimicrobial Active Packaging Systems

3.1 Natural Antimicrobials Incorporated Into Sachets and Pads

3.2 Natural Antimicrobials Incorporated Into Polymeric Films

3.3 Edible Coatings and Films of Natural Antimicrobials

3.4 Surface Functionalization of Polymer Films for Natural Antimicrobials Coatings

3.5 Layer-By-Layer Attachment of Natural Antimicrobials

3.6 Electrohydrodynamic Coatings of Natural Antimicrobials

3.7 Sol–Gel Coatings of Natural Antimicrobials

4. Conclusions

References

12 - The Sonochemical Coating of Textiles With Antibacterial Nanoparticles

1. Introduction

2. Why Sonochemistry?

3. Scientific and Practical Progress in Sonochemical Finishing of Textiles With Antibacterial Nanoparticles

3.1 The Sonochemical Coating of Cotton Withstands 65 Washing Cycles at Hospital Washing Standards and Retains Its Antibacterial ...

3.2 Making the Hospital a Safer Place by Sonochemical Coating of All Its Textiles With Antibacterial Nanoparticles—Validation o ...

3.3 Sonochemical Synthesis of a Novel Zn-Doped CuO Nanocomposite, an Inhibitor of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria

3.4 Ultrasound-Assisted Deposition of Chitosan and ZnO-Chitosan Nanocomposites on Textiles

4. Conclusion

References

13 - Metamaterials for Antimicrobial Biofilm Applications: Photonic Crystals of Microspheres and Optical Fibers for Deconta ...

1. Introduction

2. UV Radiation Effects on Microorganisms

3. Nonlinear Models of Molecules Interaction With Short Pulse Radiation: A Review

4. Estimation of Decontamination Volume for Different Metamaterials

5. Conclusions

Acknowledgment

References

Further Reading

14 - Metal Pigments as Antimicrobial Agent and Coating Additives

1. Introduction

2. Applications

3. Parameters and Influences

3.1 Chemical Nature of the Pigment

3.2 Shape and Size of Pigments

3.3 Surface Properties of Pigments

3.4 Pigment Position in the Coating

3.5 Coating and Binder Properties

4. Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

15 - Antibiofilm Coatings

1. Biofilm Formation on Material Surfaces and Associated Challenges

2. Antibiofilm Coatings

2.1 Antibiofilm Coatings Designed to Prevent Bacterial Attachment

2.1.1 Biocide-Based Antibiofilm Coatings

2.1.1.1 Tin-Based Coatings

2.1.1.2 Antibiotics-Based Coatings

2.1.1.3 Metal-Based Coatings

2.1.1.4 Essential Oil–Based Coatings

2.1.1.5 Polycation-Based Coatings

2.1.1.6 Antimicrobial Peptide–Based Coatings

2.1.2 Nonbiocidal Antibiofilm Coatings

2.1.2.1 Micro/Nanostructured Coatings

2.1.2.2 Polymer Brush Coatings

2.1.2.3 Coatings with Modified Surface Energy

2.1.2.4 Zwitterionic Coatings

2.2 Coatings Designed to Interfere With Biofilm Formation

2.2.1 Quorum-Sensing Inhibitors–Based Coatings

2.2.2 Quorum-Sensing Enzymes–Based Coatings

2.3 Coatings Designed to Inactivate Biofilms

2.3.1 Fouling Release Coatings

2.3.2 Coatings Based on Nitric Oxide Release

2.3.3 Enzyme-Based Coatings

2.3.4 Light-Activated Coatings

3. Conclusions

References

16 - Antimicrobial Coatings for Textiles

1. Introduction

2. Why Textiles Need Antimicrobial Coatings?

3. Polymeric Antimicrobial Coatings

3.1 Quaternary Ammonium and Chlorine-Based Compounds

3.2 Coatings With Quaternary Ammonium and Phosphonium Polymers

3.3 Polymeric Antimicrobial Coatings With Chitosan

3.4 Coatings With Polymeric N-Halamines

3.5 Coating With Microencapsulated Antimicrobials

3.6 Coatings With Nanoparticles

3.6.1 Silver Nanoparticle-Based Coatings

3.6.2 Nano-TiO2-Based and ZnO-Based Coatings

3.6.3 Copper Nanoparticles

3.7 Coating of Textiles With Antimicrobial Dendrimers

3.8 Coating With Polybiguanides

4. Mechanism of Antibacterial Action

4.1 Quaternary Ammonium Compounds

4.2 Polybiguanide

4.3 Silver Compounds and Nanoparticles

4.4 Copper Nanoparticles

4.5 ZnO Nanoparticles

5. Coating Methods Used for Antibacterial Modifications of Textiles

5.1 Traditional Coating Methods

5.1.1 Coating by Exhaustion

5.1.2 Pad-Dry-Bake Method

5.1.3 Single-Side Coating

5.1.4 Lick Roller Coating

5.1.5 Spray Coating

5.1.6 Sol–Gel Coating

5.1.7 UV-Cured Coating

5.2 Advanced Coatings

5.2.1 Inkjet Coating

5.2.1.1 Continuous Inkjet Printing

5.2.1.2 Drop-On-Demand Inkjet Printing

5.2.1.2.1 Thermal Inkjet Printer

5.2.1.2.2 Piezoelectric Inkjet Printer

5.3 Plasma Coatings

5.3.1 Atmospheric Pressure Glow Discharge Plasma

5.3.2 Magnetron Sputtering Coating

5.3.3 Atomic Layer Deposition

6. Sustainability Issues in Antimicrobial Coatings of Textiles

7. Future Trends

8. Conclusions

References

17 - Chitosan-Based Structures/Coatings With Antibacterial Properties

1. Introduction

2. Chitin and Chitosan: Origin, Structure, and Properties

2.1 Origin

2.2 Structure

2.3 Physicochemical Properties

2.3.1 Typical Composition

2.3.2 Solubility

2.3.3 Viscosity

2.4 Antimicrobial Properties

2.4.1 Mechanism of Action

2.4.2 Strain Susceptibility to Chitosan

2.4.3 Effect of Molecular Weight and Degree of Deacetylation

2.5 General Applications

3. Antimicrobial Systems Based on Chitosan

3.1 Chitosan Powders and Flakes

3.2 Chitosan-Based Solutions

3.3 Chitosan-Based Emulsions

3.4 Chitosan-Based Hydrogels

3.5 Chitosan-Based Films

3.6 Chitosan-Based Edible Coatings

3.7 Coated Nanoparticles Based on Chitosan

3.8 Electrospun Chitosan-Based Nanofibers

3.9 Modified Chitosan-Based Systems

4. Perspectives for Chitosan Applications

4.1 Limitations

4.2 Regulations

References

18 - N-Halamine-Based Antimicrobial Coatings

1. Introduction

2. N-Halamine Compounds

3. Applications of N-Halamine Coatings

4. Surface Coatings Based on Reactive N-Halamine Compounds

4.1 Nonpolymeric Reactive N-Halamine Compounds

4.2 Polymeric Reactive N-Halamines

5. Surface Coatings Based on Nonreactive N-Halamine Compounds

5.1 Use of Cross-Linkers

5.2 Secondary Interactions

5.3 Surface Polymerization

6. Future Trends

References

19 - Antimicrobial Coatings Based on Linseed Oil/TiO2 Nanocomposites

1. Introduction

2. Titanium Dioxide: Structure, Synthesis, Properties, and Applications

2.1 Structure

2.2 Synthesis

2.3 Properties

2.4 Applications

3. Preparation of AELO/Titanium Dioxide Nanocomposite Coatings

3.1 Synthesis of Epoxidized Linseed Oil

3.2 Acrylation of Epoxidized Linseed Oil

3.3 Preparation of the UV-Curable Nanocomposites

4. Characterization of the Nanocomposite Coatings

4.1 Morphology and Structure

4.2 Thermal Properties

4.3 Barrier Performance

4.4 Mechanical Properties

4.5 Tribological Properties

4.6 Antibacterial Activity

5. Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

20 - Antimicrobial Surface Modification of Polymeric Biomaterials

1. Introduction

2. Techniques for Surface Modification of Polymers

2.1 Topographical Surface Patterning

2.2 Laser-Induced Surface Patterning

2.3 Ion Beam and Electron Beam Processing

3. Grafting Techniques for Surface Modification

4. Surface Coatings and Films

4.1 Antibiotics/Antiseptics Containing Coatings

4.2 Bioactive Agents Containing Coatings

5. Metal/Metal Nanoparticles Containing Coatings

5.1 Silver-Based Coatings

5.2 Copper-Based Coatings

5.3 Zinc/Zinc Oxide–Based Coatings

6. Plasma Surface Modification: Sterilization and Antimicrobial Effect

References

21 - Antibacterial Coatings on Medical Devices

1. Introduction

2. Current Strategies for Controlling Device-Related Infections

3. Antifouling Surfaces

4. Quorum-Sensing Inhibitors in Next Generation Antiinfective Coatings

5. Enzyme Coatings in Controlling Biofilm Infections

6. Antimicrobial Peptides

7. Phage Containing Antimicrobial Coatings

8. Antibacterial Lipids

9. Nanostructured Antibacterial Surfaces

9.1 Metal Nanoparticle Coatings on Medical Surfaces

9.2 Antibiotic Nanoparticles

9.3 Biobased Nanoparticles for Coating of Medical Surfaces

10. Hybrid Coatings on Medical Devices

11. Conclusions

References

22 - Antimicrobial Coating Development Based on Antimicrobial Peptides

1. Antimicrobial Peptides: Functions and Therapeutic Potential

1.1 Diversity of Antimicrobial Peptides

1.2 Mechanism of Action of Antimicrobial Peptides

2. Surface Immobilization of Antimicrobial Peptides

2.1 Antimicrobial Peptide Chemical Coupling Strategies

2.2 Effect of Spacer

2.3 Immobilized Peptide Concentration

2.4 Immobilized Peptide Orientation

3. Antimicrobial Peptide–Controlled Release Surfaces

4. Concluding Remarks

References

23 - Imparting Potential Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities to Water-Based Interior Paint Using Phytosynthesized Bioco ...

1. Introduction

2. Materials and Methods

2.1 Chemicals

2.2 Microorganisms and Cell Line

2.3 Phytosynthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles

2.4 Assessment of the Biocompatibility of the Phytosynthesized AgNPs on Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts (NIH 3T3) and African Green ...

2.5 Incorporation of Phytosynthesized AgNPs as an Additive to Commercially Available Water-Based Interior Paint to Impart Enhan ...

2.6 Characterization of Water-Based Interior Paint Incorporated With Phytosynthesized AgNPs as an Additive

2.6.1 UV–Vis Spectrophotometric Analysis and Stability Study

2.6.2 Fourier Transform–Infrared Spectroscopy Analysis

2.7 Evaluation of the Phytosynthesized AgNPs as a Promising Antibacterial and Antifungal Additive to Water-Based Interior Paint

3. Results and Discussion

3.1 Visual Inspection

3.2 UV–Vis Spectrophotometric Analysis and Stability Study

3.3 X-Ray Diffraction Measurements

3.4 Fourier Transform–Infrared Spectroscopy Analysis

3.5 High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope Measurements and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy Analysis

3.6 Assessment of the Biocompatibility of the Phytosynthesized AgNPs on Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts (NIH 3T3) and African Green ...

3.7 Characterization of Water-Based Interior Paint Incorporated With Phytosynthesized AgNPs as an Additive

3.7.1 UV–Vis Spectrophotometric Analysis and Stability Study

3.7.2 Fourier Transform–Infrared Spectroscopy Analysis

3.8 Evaluation of the Phytosynthesized AgNPs as a Promising Antibacterial and Antifungal Additive to Water-Based Interior Paint

4. Summary and Future Perspective

References

24 - Mechanism of Action of Tethered Antimicrobial Peptides

1. Introduction

2. The Mechanism of Action of Immobilized Peptides Can Be Complex

3. Concluding Remarks

Note Added in Proof

Acknowledgments

References

Index

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Z

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