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Environmental Factors in Neurodegenerative Diseases

Copyright

Contents

Contributors

Preface

Chapter One: Traffic-Related Air Pollution and Neurodegenerative Diseases: Epidemiological and Experimental Evidence, and ...

1. Introduction

2. The CNS as a Target for Air Pollution Toxicity

2.1. Neurotoxicity in Adults: Epidemiological and Animal Studies

2.2. Developmental Neurotoxicity

3. Air Pollution and Neurodegenerative Diseases

3.1. Air Pollution and PD

3.2. Air Pollution and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

3.3. Air Pollution and Multiple Sclerosis

3.4. Air Pollution and Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias

4. Possible Mechanisms Linking Air Pollution to Neurodegeneration

4.1. Adult Neurogenesis

4.2. MicroRNAs

4.3. Telomere Length

4.4. Reelin

4.5. Glutamate

5. Conclusion and Research Needs

Acknowledgments

References

Further Reading

Chapter Two: The Catecholaminergic Neurotransmitter System in Methylmercury-Induced Neurotoxicity

1. Introduction

2. The Catecholaminergic Neurotransmitter System: General Aspects

3. Catecholamines in Neurological and Neuropsychiatric Disorders

4. The Catecholaminergic Neurotransmitter System as a Potential Target of Neurotoxicants and Related Consequences

5. Methylmercury: General Aspects and Major Mechanisms of Neurotoxicity

6. Methylmercury-Mediated Catecholaminergic Toxicity

6.1. Dopamine

6.2. Epinephrine

7. Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgments

References

Further Reading

Chapter Three: Pesticides and Parkinson's Disease: Current Experimental and Epidemiological Evidence

1. Introduction

2. Epidemiological Evidence

2.1. Studies of Occupations

2.2. Studies of Exposure to Pesticides

2.3. Exposure Assessment and Studies of Specific Pesticides

2.3.1. Rotenone

2.3.2. Paraquat

2.3.3. Organochlorine Pesticides

2.3.4. Specific Organochlorines

2.3.5. Other Pesticide Associations

2.4. Studies of Interaction Between Genes and Environment

3. Experimental Evidence

3.1. Pesticides and Nigrostriatal Degeneration: Rotenone and Paraquat

3.1.1. Rotenone

3.1.2. Paraquat

3.2. Rotenone, Paraquat, and α-Synuclein

3.2.1. α-Synuclein and Rotenone

3.2.2. α-Synuclein and Paraquat

3.3. Additional Features of PD-Relevant Pesticides

3.3.1. Long-Lasting Effects and Toxicant Interactions

3.3.2. Gender Differences and Genetic Determinants of Pesticide Neurotoxicity

3.3.3. Pesticide-Induced Transcriptional Alterations

4. Final Remarks

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter Four: Metals and Circadian Rhythms

1. Introduction

2. Manganese

3. Copper

4. Zinc

5. Lead

6. Mercury

7. Aluminum

8. Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter Five: Aluminum and Neurodegenerative Diseases

1. Introduction

2. Growing Bioavailability of Aluminum in the Environment

3. Acute Exposure to High Levels of Aluminum Can Lead to Adverse Neurological Consequences

4. Basal Inflammation Within the Brain Increases With Aging. Most Neurodegenerative Diseases are Characterized by an Even ...

5. Epidemiological Studies Suggest a Relationship Between Aluminum Exposure and the Incidence of Neurodegenerative Disease

5.1. Alzheimer's Disease

5.2. Association Between Al Exposure and Neurological Disorders Other Than AD

6. Research From Animal Models and in vitro Systems Implies That High Levels of Aluminum Can Further the Evolution of Age ...

6.1. Immunomodulation and Neuroinflammation

6.2. Oxidative Stress

7. The Neurotoxicity of Aluminum in Amounts Encountered in the Human Environment Continues to Be Contentious

8. Summary

References

Further Reading

Chapter Six: Manganese Neurodegeneration

1. Introduction

2. Manganese Essentiality

3. Exposure Sources

3.1. Inhalation

3.2. Drinking Water, Breastmilk, and Soy-Based Infant Formulas

3.3. Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN)

3.4. Other Sources

4. Manganese Pharmacokinetics

4.1. Overview

4.2. Absorption

4.3. Distribution

4.4. Elimination

4.5. Olfactory Transport of Manganese

4.6. Fetal and Neonatal Exposure

4.7. Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Models for Manganese

5. Brain MRI

5.1. Manganese and Brain MRI

6. Manganese Neurotoxicity

6.1. Manganism

6.2. Contemporary Occupational and Environmental Exposures

6.3. Neurotoxic Mechanisms

6.4. Neurochemical Changes

6.5. Neuropathology

6.6. Species Differences

7. Manganese and Other Neurodegeneration Syndromes

7.1. Parkinson's Disease and Manganese

7.2. Hepatic Encephalopathy and Manganese

7.3. Other Neurological Syndromes

References

Further Reading

Chapter Seven: Roles of Microglia in Inflammation-Mediated Neurodegeneration: Models, Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Interve ...

1. Introduction

2. The Environmental Causes of PD

3. Neuroinflammation and Microglia

4. Neuroinflammation in PD

5. Inflammation-Associated PD Models Generated With Environmentally Relevant Toxins

6. Inflammation-Associated Two-Hit PD Models

7. Mechanism of Inflammation-Mediated Progressive Neurodegeneration

7.1. Microglia Are Essential for Progressive Loss of Dopamine Neurons

7.2. Interdependency of Prolonged Microglial Activation and Chronic, Progressive Neurodegeneration

7.3. HMGB1-Mac1-NOX2 Signaling Axis Mediates Chronic Neuroinflammation and Subsequent Progressive Neurodegeneration

7.4. NOX2-Derived Oxidative Stress Is a Key Mediator of Inflammation-Induced Progressive Dopamine Neurodegeneration

8. Microglia-Based Novel Disease-Modifying Therapies for PD

8.1. Antiinflammatory Therapies

8.2. Neuroprotective Effects of NOX2 Inhibition in PD Models

8.3. Subpicomolar DPI, Naloxone, and Dextromethorphan Protect Dopamine Neurons in Neuroinflammation-Mediated Models of PD ...

9. Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter Eight: Mitochondrial Dynamics in Neurodegenerative Diseases

1. Introduction

2. Parkinson's Disease

2.1. Neurotoxicants and Impaired Mitochondria in PD

2.2. Genetic Mutations and Impaired Mitochondria in PD

2.2.1. Autosomal Dominant Genes

2.2.2. Autosomal-Recessive Genes

3. Alzheimer's Disease

4. Huntington's Disease

5. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

6. Therapeutic Targeting of Mitochondria

6.1. L-Type Calcium Channel Targeting

6.2. Ketone Bodies

6.3. Drp1 and Mitochondrial Fission

7. Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Further Reading

Chapter Nine: Food Plant Chemicals Linked With Neurological and Neurodegenerative Disease

1. Introduction

2. Food Plants With Neurotoxic Potential

2.1. Sapindaceae Juss.

2.1.1. Ackee: Hypoglycemic Encephalopathy

2.1.2. Lychee: Hypoglycemic Encephalopathy

2.2. Annonaceae

2.3. Grasspea (Lathyrus sativus)

2.4. Cassava (Manihot esculenta)

2.5. Cycad (Cycas spp.) and BMAA

2.6. Summary

References

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