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Contents

Preface

Contributors

1:DATA ACQUISITION AND PREPARATION

Introduction

Sampling strategies

INTRODUCTION

ANNUAL RING CHARACTERISTICS

LIMITING FACTORS AND CLIMATIC RESPONSIVENESS

SENSITIVITY AND CROSS-DATING

TREE AND RADIUS SELECTION

TREE-RING DATA NETWORKS

COMMENT E.R.Cook

COMMENT M.G.L.Baillie

Measurement of dencitometric properties of wood

INTRODUCTION

METHODS FOR MEASUREMENT OF WOOD DENSITIES

Photometric methods.

Mechanical methods.

Radiation methods.

THE X-RAY METHOD

APPLICATION OF THE X-RAY TECHNIQUE IN DENDROCLIMATOLOGY

THE WOOD DENSITOMETRY WORKING GROUP

The influence of temperature and precipitation on vessel area and ring width of oak and beech

Stable isotopes in tree rings

INTRODUCTION

DOES A TEMPERATURE SIGNAL EXIST IN THE STABLE ISOTOPES OF TREE RINGS?

SIGNIFICANCE OF EMPIRICAL DATA, PROBLEMS, PROSPECTS, AND FUTURE WORK

Oxygen-18, Carbon-13, and Carbon-14 in tree rings

INTRODUCTION

OXYGEN ISOTOPES

CARBON-13

CARBON-14

Chronology development and analysis

INTRODUCTION

GOALS OF ANALYSIS

THE BASIC DATA SET

PRELIMINARY DATA INSPECTION

STANDARDISATION

SUMMARIES OF INDICES

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA)

CORRELATION ANALYSIS

TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS

COMMENT M.K.Hughes

COMMENT R.W.Aniol & B.Schmidt

2:DATA ANALYSIS

Introduction

The climate-growth response

INTRODUCTION

THE REALM OF CLIMATE FACTORS

INTEGRATION WITHIN THE TREE

RESPONSE VARIATIONS IN ANATOMICAL FEATURES

ENHANCING THE MACROCLIMATIC INFORMATION BY REPLICATE SAMPLINGS

TECHNIQUES TO MINIMISE NON-CLIMATIC RESPONSE

MEASURING THE CLIMATE RESPONSE

CONCLUSION

COMMENT M.K.Hughes & S.J.Milsom

Response functions

INTRODUCTION

SURVEY OF THE DIFFERENT METHODS

A NEW RESPONSE FUNCTION PROGRAM

SPECTRAL MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS

REDUCING THE NUMBER OF PREDICTORS

CONCLUSION

COMMENT D.W.Brett

COMMENT J.P.Cropper

Transfer functions

INTRODUCTION

TRANSFER FUNCTION CONCEPT

CALIBRATION OF TRANSFER FUNCTIONS

EVALUATION OF THE CALIBRATION

ARTIFICIAL PREDICTABILITY

STABILITY

PREDICTOR DATA SETS

PREDICTAND DATA SETS

SELECTING PREDICTOR VARIABLES

CALIBRATING SEVERAL VARIABLES

SUMMARY

COMMENT B.M.Gray

Verification of dendroclimatic reconstructions

INTRODUCTION

THE NEED FOR MODEL ASSESSMENT

INDEPENDENT VERIFICATION

THE USE OF EARLY INDEPENDENT CLIMATE RECORDS

SUBSAMPLE REPLICATION

SUMMARY

COMMENT B.M.Gray & J.R.Pilcher

Climatic reconstructions from tree rings

THE NEED

REALITIES AND UNCERTAINTIES

THE DENDROCLIMATOLOGISTS' RESPONSE

COMMENT J.P.Cropper

The design of palaeoenvironmental data networks for estimating large-scale patterns of climate

INTRODUCTION

REGION OF STUDY

DATA ANALYSIS

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

CONCLUSIONS

3:THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE

Introduction

Climatic context

INTRODUCTION

TEMPERATURE

SYNOPTIC CLIMATOLOGY

THE SOUTHERN OSCILLATION

PATTERNS OF CLIMATIC VARIATION

Southern Africa

INTRODUCTION

PROBLEMS WITH SOUTH AFRICAN INDIGENOUS TREES

COMMENT V.C.LaMarche Jr.

Argentina and Chile

INTRODUCTION

PREVIOUS DENDROCHRONOLOGICAL WORK

SAMPLE COLLECTIONS AND CHRONOLOGIES

DESCRIPTION OF SUITABLE SPECIES

FUTURE PROSPECTS

COMMENT J.A.Boninsegna

Australasia

GEOGRAPHICAL SETTING

DENDROCHRONOLOGY AND DENDROCLIMATOLOGY

REVIEW OF SUITABLE GENERA AND SOME FUTURE PROSPECTS

CONCLUDING REMARKS

COMMENT P.W.Dunwiddie

4:THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE

Introduction

Climatic context

INTRODUCTION

THE AVAILABILITY OF CLIMATE DATA

RELIABILITY OF CLIMATE DATA

REPRESENTATIVENESS OF CLIMATE DATA

CHOICE OF CLIMATE VARIABLES FOR RECONSTRUCTION

A CHALLENGE

The Arctic

INTRODUCTION

GEOGRAPHIC SETTING

SPECIES USEFUL IN ARCTIC DENDROCLIMATOLOGY

DATING OF ARCTIC TREE SPECIMENS

DENDROCLIMATOLOGY

OTHER METHODS: DENSITOMETRY AND ISOTOPES

FUTURE PROSPECTS

COMMENT L.B.Brubaker & H.Garfinkel

COMMENT M.P.Lawson & K.C.Kuivinen

Western North America

INTRODUCTION

GEOGRAPHIC SETTING

DENDROCHRONOLOGY

FUTURE PROSPECTS

DENDROCLIMATOLOGY

OPPORTUNITIES

Eastern North America

INTRODUCTION

VEGETATION OF THE EASTERN DECIDUOUS FOREST BIOME

DENDROCHRONOLOGY IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA

DENDROCLIMATOLOGY

CONCLUDING REMARKS

COMMENT L.E.Conkey

COMMENT R.L.Phipps

Alpine Europe

INTRODUCTION

DENDROCHRONOLOGICAL SAMPLING

METHODS AND AIMS

Tatra Mountains

GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE

FOREST COMMUNITIES

MAIN TREE SPECIES FOR DENDROCHRONOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS

DENDROCHRONOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS

DENDROCLIMATOLOGY

Europe

INTRODUCTION

OAK CHRONOLOGIES

CHRONOLOGIES FOR DECIDUOUS TREE SPECIES OTHER THAN OAK

CHRONOLOGIES FOR CONIFEROUS TREE SPECIES

CONCLUSIONS

COMMENT J.R.Pilcher

European Russia

INTRODUCTION

LIVING-TREE CHRONOLOGIES

RESEARCH RESULTS

CONCLUSIONS

The Mediterranean area

INTRODUCTION

VEGETATION

THE INVESTIGATED SPECIES

TECHNIQUES AND METHODS

SOME SPECIFIC PROBLEMS

PROSPECTS

COMMENT F.Serre-Bachet

Asia

STATUS OF DENDROCLIMATOLOGY

THE AVAILABILITY OF SUITABLE TREE-RING DATA

COMMENT M.K.Hughes

5:CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS

Introduction

An illustration of alternative transfer function methods in Switzerland

INTRODUCTION

DATA PREPARATION AND PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS

DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS

ANALYSIS OF THE RECONSTRUCTION

A long-term drought sequence for the Hudson Valley, New York

INTRODUCTION

A DROUGHT RECONSTRUCTION FROM TREE RINGS

ANALYSIS OF THE RECONSTRUCTION

Temperature reconstructions in the northeastern United States

INTRODUCTION

TEMPERATURE RECONSTRUCTIONS

CONCLUSIONS

Extension of riverflow records in Argentina

INTRODUCTION

DATA BASE

RECONSTRUCTIONS

CONCLUSIONS

Preliminary estimates of summer streamflow for Tasmania

INTRODUCTION

DATA BASE

ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

DISCUSSION

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Preliminary temperature reconstructions for Tasmania

INTRODUCTION

DATA BASE

METHODS AND RESULTS

DISCUSSION

Reconstructed annual precipitation for California

INTRODUCTION

PRECIPITATION DATA

SELECTION OF DENDROCLIMATIC DATA

MODEL STRUCTURE, CALIBRATION, AND VERIFICATION

RESULTS

DISCUSSION

CONCLUSIONS

An overview of dendroclimatic techniques, procedures, and prospects

INTRODUCTION

IMPROVING THE CLIMATE SIGNAL

AN EXAMPLE

CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

SPECIES INDEX

SUBJECT INDEX