Chapter
3 The development of children's conflict and prosocial behaviour: lessons from research on social understanding and…
Developmental changes in childhood
Anger, aggression and conflict
Gender differences in the early school years?
Gender differences in conflict strategies within close relationships
Gender differences in prosocial behaviour?
Gender differences in normal and troubled children?
Gender differences in moral development and reasoning?
Individual differences in social understanding and their links to conflict and prosocial behaviour
4 Neural mechanisms underlying aggressive behaviour
Aggression: its relation to other behaviours
Neuroanatomical basis of aggressive behaviour
The modular limbic system and aggression
Neurochemical modulation of aggressive behaviour
Monoamines and aggression
Vasopressin (AVP) and aggression
Interactions between amines and peptides
Steroids and aggression with special reference to testosterone
Steroids and aggression during development: organizational effects
Steroids and aggression post-pubertally: activational effects
5 Biosocial influences on antisocial behaviours in childhood and adolescence
Key issues in the development of the brain
The interplay between brain development and experience
Psychobiological theories of risk
Possible links with conduct problems
Monamines, development and experience
Possible associations with conduct problems
The prediction of antisocial behaviours from hypothesized biosocial systems
The antenatal and perinatal periods
6 The epidemiology of disorders of conduct: nosological issues and comorbidity
Is conduct disorder a disorder?
Studies of individual symptoms of behavioural disturbance
Factor analytic studies of child behaviour problems
Rates of conduct disorder using the ICD or DSM diagnostic systems
Age and gender effects on conduct disorder
The problem of comorbidity
Rates of diagnostic comorbidity from general population surveys using the DSM
The meaning of comorbidity
Comorbidity as a marker of severity
Comorbidity between conduct disorders and emotional disorders – are the latter simply part of the former, does conduct…
Subtypes and disorders defined by comorbidity
Comorbidity with substance abuse – timing of onset or comorbidity as predictors of adult outcomes?
Developmental approaches to conduct disorders
Is conduct disorder becoming more common?
7 Conduct disorder in context
Correlates, causes and chains of risk
Environmental lessons from genetic research
Heterogeneity of conduct disorder and specificity of risk
Risk variables and risk processes
Individual differences and group levels
Parents, children and parenting
Marital discord and family breakdown
Poverty and social disadvantage
Neighbourhood and community contexts
Cumulations and configurations of risk
8 Genetic influences on conduct disorder
Behaviour genetic designs
Molecular genetic strategies
Genetic and environmental influences
Molecular genetic studies
9 The role of neuropsychological deficits in conduct disorders
Empirical evidence for a verbal deficit
Empirical evidence for executive dysfunctions
Theoretical accounts of the relations between neuropsychological dysfunction and antisocial behaviour
Control variables and control groups
10 A reinforcement model of conduct problems in children and adolescents: advances in theory and intervention
Relationship contingencies and development
Parenting practices and coercion
Changing contexts and evolving problems
Contribution of peers: deviancy training
Contributions of siblings
11 Perceptual and attributional processes in aggression and conduct problems
Processing and the development of conduct problems
Overview of models of social information-processing and social cognition
Issues in conceptualization and measurement of perceptual and attributional processes
Latent structures versus on-line processing
Heterogeneity of outcome groups
Aggregation across behaviours as a factor in prediction
Summary of research findings
Perceptual processes: the encoding of social cues
Attributional processes: the interpretation of social cues
Do early family experiences predict individual differences in processing?
The role of maltreatment and physical abuse
Caregiver–child commonalities in processing
Do perceptual and attributional processes mediate the link between early socialization experiences and later conduct…
Future directions in the study of perceptual and attributional processes
Understanding gender and developmental effects
Reciprocal processes: experience, behaviour and cognition
A proposed transactional–developmental model
12 Attachment and conduct disorder
Attachment theory and the systematic study of parent–child relationship quality
Rationale for predicting a link between attachment and conduct disorder
Evidence associating attachment with conduct problems
Infant attachment and conduct problems
Concurrent links between attachment and psychopathology
Multifinality and equifinality
Intercorrelated risk factors
Placing attachment in a developmental context
Clinical applications of attachment theory to the treatment of conduct disorder
13 Friends, friendships and conduct disorders
A developmental perspective
Some methodological issues
Influence(role) of deviant friends on conduct disorder
Individual characteristics model
Social interactional model
Who associates with deviant friends and why
Putative mechanisms of influence
Friends and prevention/intervention of conduct disorders
Friends' influence on girls' maladjustment
Future directions and conclusions
14 Continuities and discontinuities of development, with particular emphasis on emotional and cognitive components of …
Predictors, degree of continuities and caveats
Different interpretations of continuity
Escalation from earlier disruptive behaviour to conduct disorder
Oppositional defiant disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Early antisocial personality symptoms
Multiple pathways to serious symptoms of conduct disorder
Risk factors and continuity and escalation in disruptive behaviour
General emotional and cognitive factors associated with disruptive behaviour
A matrix of emotional and cognitive aspects of disruptive behaviours
Specific emotions and cognitions associated with overt–covert and reactive–proactive dimensions of disruptive behaviour
Overt disruptive behaviour
Covert disruptive behaviour
Implications for research and interventions
15 Treatment of conduct disorders
Key characteristics to consider in relation to treatment
Heterogeneity of the disorder
Vignette 1: family values
Vignette 2: multiple sources of dysfunction and stress
Current treatments of choice
Parent management training
Background and underlying rationale
Characteristics of treatment
Cognitive problem-solving skills training
Background and underlying rationale
Characteristics of treatment
Functional family therapy
Background and underlying rationale
Characteristics of treatment
Background and underlying rationale
Characteristics of treatment
Comments on the current evidence
Limitations of the evidence
Assessment of outcome domains
Magnitude and durability of therapeutic change
Attrition and subject selection bias
Developmental issues and perspectives
Developing more effective treatments
Predictors of treatment response
New models of delivering treatment
16 The prevention of conduct disorder: a review of successful and unsuccessful experiments
Preventive experiments that reduced conduct problems
During the elementary school years
During the preschool years
Preventive experiments that did not reduce conduct problems
During the elementary school years
During the preschool years
Hypothesized mechanisms: what works and how?
Ongoing large-scale experiments
Design and implementation issues
17 Economic evaluation and conduct disorders
Identifying and meeting needs
Economics: topic and discipline
Needs, services and scarcity
Criteria for choice and evaluation
A framework for evaluation
Cost-effectiveness analysis and other evaluations
Cost-effectiveness and cost–consequences analyses
Putting principles into practice
Length of research period
18 Antisocial children grown up
Conceptual and methodological issues
Categories and dimensions
Continuity and change: longitudinal findings
Broad-range childhood–adult studies
Assessments over more focused age spans
Accounting for continuities and discontinuities
Individual susceptibilities
Neuropsychological deficits, cognitive impairments and school achievements
Aggressive and other behavioural trajectories
Depression, anxiety and shyness/withdrawal
Mechanisms for stability and change: person–environment interactions
Environmental continuities
Selecting and shaping environments
Early adult role transitions
Alcohol and substance use
Cumulating consequences: indirect chains
Breaking the chain: turning points in the life course
Positive adult experiences
19 Conduct disorder: future directions. An afterword
Do conduct problems constitute a valid psychiatric disorder?
Essence of conduct disorder
Moderating effects and resilience
Evolutionary considerations
Prevention and intervention
Conduct Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence
( Cambridge Child and Adolescent Psychiatry )
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