Cover

Half-title

Title

Copyright

Contents

Contributors

Preface

1 An introduction to predator sensitive foraging

Vulnerability, perceived risk and foraging decisions

Biological variables

Social variables

Environmental variables

REFERENCES

Part I Biological variables

2 Dangers in the night: Are some nocturnal primates afraid of the dark?

Introduction

Methods

Lorises

Galagos

Results

Potential nocturnal predators in each study area

Lorises

Galagos

Reactions to potential predators at night

Lorises

Galagos

Avoidance of nocturnal threats

Lorises

Galagos

Predation pressure and foraging behavior

Lorises

Galagos

Discussion and conclusions

Acknowledgments

REFERENCES

3 Predation sensitive foraging in captive tamarins

Introduction

Experiment 1

Method

Study animals, housing and husbandry

Experimental design

Procedure

Recording methods and data analysis

Results

Discussion

Experiment 2

Method

Data analysis

Results

Discussion

Acknowledgments

REFERENCES

4 Seeing red: Consequences of individual differences in color vision in callitrichid primates

Introduction

Sensory specialization and compromise

Primate visual systems: color vision

The unusual case of New World monkey color vision

Method: Study 1

Results: Study 1

Method: Study 2

Results: Study 2

Discussion

Summary

REFERENCES

5 Predator sensitive foraging in Thomas langurs

Introduction

Methods

Study site and animals

Observation methods

Data analysis and statistics

Results

Diet at different heights

Avoidance of the ground and the understory

Height and neighbors

Differences between males and females

Differences among females

Dominance rank

Reproductive stage

Discussion

Foraging on the ground

Antipredation strategies

Precautions when using the ground

Safety through group size

Safety through dominance rank

Individual adjustments to predation risk

Predator sensitive foraging in Thomas langurs

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

REFERENCES

Part II Social variables

6 The role of group size in predator sensitive foraging decisions for wedge-capped capuchin monkeys (Cebus olivaceus)

Introduction

Methods

Site

Data Collection and Analysis

Results

Discussion

Acknowledgments

REFERENCES

7 Group size effects on predation sensitive foraging in wild ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta)

Introduction

Study site and species

Ring-tailed lemur predation

Foraging location

Mixed-species association

Group cohesion during foraging

Use of new hectares

Materials and methods

Study subjects

Foraging location

Mixed-species associations

Group cohesion during foraging

Use of new hectares

Predation

Statistics

Results

Foraging/feeding location

Mixed-species associations

Group cohesion during foraging

Use of new hectares

Discussion

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

REFERENCES

8 Species differences in feeding in Milne Edward’s sifakas (Propithecus diadema edwardsi), rufus lemurs (Eulemur fulvus…

Introduction

Methods

Study site and study species

General methodology

Canopy level and location within patches

Patch size and nearest neighbor

Results

Canopy level use

Patch size and nearest neighbor

Discussion

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

REFERENCES

9 Evidence of predator sensitive foraging and traveling in single- and mixed-species tamarin troops

Introduction

Tamarin monkeys

Methods

Results

Foraging in small-scale space

Sentinel behavior

Predator sensitive traveling in large-scale space

Discussion

Acknowledgments

REFERENCES

10 Predator (in)sensitive foraging in sympatric female vervets (Cercopithecus aethiops) and patas monkeys (Erythrocebus…

Introduction

Methods

Study site and subjects

Data collection

Data analysis

Results

Predator presence

Predation on adult females

Interindividual distances

Group spreads

Discussion

Acknowledgments

REFERENCES

11 Predation risk and antipredator adaptations in white-faced sakis, Pithecia pithecia

Introduction

Methods

Study site

Subjects

Data collection

Results

Alarm calls

Group spacing

Group response

Habitat use

Discussion

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

REFERENCES

Part III Environmental variables

12 Foraging female baboons exhibit similar patterns of antipredator vigilance across two populations

Introduction

Methods

Study sites

Data collection and analysis

Results

General patterns of vigilance during foraging

Costs of vigilance during foraging

Benefits of vigilance during foraging

Effects of group size

Effects of refuge proximity

Effects of habitat type

Effects of nearest neighbor proximity

Discussion

Acknowledgments

REFERENCES

13 Foraging and safety in adult female blue monkeys in the Kakamega Forest, Kenya

Introduction

Subjects and methods

Results

Discussion

Acknowledgments

REFERENCES

14 Predicting predation risk for foraging, arboreal monkeys

Introduction

Methods

Study Site and Subjects

Data collection

Results

Tree foliage density (TFD)

Foraging posture

Discussion

Refuge, cover and ease of escape

Obstructive cover

Acknowledgments

REFERENCES

15 Predator sensitive foraging in ateline primates

Introduction

Predation on atelines

Observed behavioral responses to the presence of predators

Observed behavioral responses to the risk of predation

Testing predator sensitive foraging hypotheses for primates

Methods

Study area and subjects

Behavioral sampling

Phenological sampling

Specific predictions and results

Microhabitat use and vigilance

Microhabitat use and food availability

Interindividual distance and food availability

Interindividual distance and microhabitat use

Sex differences

Discussion

Acknowledgments

REFERENCES

16 Antipredatory behavior in gibbons (Hylobates lar, Khao Yai/Thailand)

Introduction

Potential predators of gibbons at Khao Yai

Predation risk and foraging

Antipredatory behavior

Spatio-temporal avoidance

Early detection, escape and mobbing

Behavioral adjustment after potential predator encounter

The male role in predation avoidance

Methods

Data collection

Data analysis

Results

Activity, group size and height above ground

Interspecific reactions

Reaction towards a tiger

Discussion

Predation risk and foraging ecology

Negligible predation risk for gibbons?

Antipredatory behavior

Spatio-temporal avoidance

Early detection and escape

Mobbing and deterrence

A case study: behavior after a tiger encounter

The male role

Predation risk and group size

Acknowledgments

REFERENCES

Index