Elementary Matrices

Author: Frazer  

Publisher: Cambridge University Press‎

Publication year: 1938

E-ISBN: 9781139241496

P-ISBN(Paperback): 9780521091558

Subject: O143 mathematic foundation

Keyword: 数学理论

Language: ENG

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Elementary Matrices

Description

This book develops the subject of matrices with special reference to differential equations and classical mechanics. It is intended to bring to the student of applied mathematics, with no previous knowledge of matrices, an appreciation of their conciseness, power and convenience in computation. Worked numerical examples, many of which are taken from aerodynamics, are included.

Chapter

1.15 Bilinear and Quadratic Forms

1.16 Discriminants and One-Signed Quadratic Forms

1.17 Special Types of Square Matrix

CHAPTER II : POWERS OF MATRICES, SERIES, AND INFINITESIMAL CALCULUS

2.1 Introductory

2.2 Powers of Matrices

2.3 Polynomials of Matrices

2.4 Infinite Series of Matrices

2.5 The Exponential Function

2.6 Differentiation of Matrices

2.7 Differentiation of the Exponential Function

2.8 Matrices of Differential Operators

2.9 Change of the Independent Variables

2.10 Integration of Matrices

2.11 The Matrizant

CHAPTER III : LAMBDA.MATRICES AND CANONICAL FORMS

3.1 Preliminary Remarks

PART I : Lambda-Matrices

3.2 Lambda.Matrices

3.3 Multiplication and Division of Lambda Matrices

3.4 Remainder Theorems for Lambda Matrices

3.5 The Determinantal Equation and the Adjoint of a Lambda Matrix

3.6 The Characteristic Matrix of a Square Matrix and the Latent Roots

3.7 The Cayley.Hamilton Theorem

3.8 The Adj oint and Derived Adjoints of the Characteristic Matrix

3.9 Sylvester's Theorem

3.10 Confluent Form of Sylvester's Theorem

PART II : Canonical Forms

3.11 Elementary Operations on Matrices

3.12 Equivalent Matrices

3.13 A Canonical Form for Square Matrices of Rank r

3.14 Equivalent Lambda Matrices

3.15 Smith's Canonical Form for Lambda-Matrices

3.16 Collineatory Transformation of a Numerical Matrix to a Canonical Form

CHAPTER IV : MISCELLANEOUS NUMERICAL METHODS

4.1 Range of the Subjects Treated

PART I : Determinants, Reciprocal and Adjoint Matrices, and Systems of Linear Algebraic Equations

4.2 Preliminary Remarks

4.3 Triangular and Related Matrices

4.4 Reduction of Triangular and Related Matrices to Diagonal Form

4.5 Reciprocals of Triangular and Related Matrices

4.6 Computation of Determinants

4.7 Computation of Reciprocal Matrices

4.8 Reciprocation by the Method of Postmultipliers

4.9 Reciprocation by the Method of Submatrices

4.10 Reciprocation by Direct Operations on Rows

4.11 Improvement of the Accuracy of an Approximate Reciprocal Matrix

4.12 Computation of the Adjoint of a Singular Matrix

4.13 Numerical Solution of Simultaneous Linear Algebraic Equations

PART II : High Powers of a Matrix and the Latent Boots

4.14 Preliminary Summary of Sylvester's Theorem

4.15 Evaluation of the Dominant Latent Roots from the Limiting Form of a High Power of a Matrix

4.16 Evaluation of the Matrix Coefficients Z for the Dominant Roots

4.17 Simplified Iterative Methods

4.18 Computation of the Non Dominant Latent Roots

4.19 Upper Bounds to the Powers of a Matrix

PART III : Algebraic Equations of General Degree

4.20 Solution of Algebraic Equations and Adaptation of Aitken's Formulae

4.21 General Remarks on Iterative Methods

4.22 Situation of the Roots of an Algebraic Equation

CHAPTER V : LINEAR ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS WITH CONSTANT COEFFICIENTS

PART I : General Properties

5.1 Systems of Simultaneous Differential Equations

5.2 Equivalent Systems

5.3 Transformation of the Dependent Variables

5.4 Triangular Systems and a Fundamental Theorem

5.5 Conversion of a System of General Order into a First Order System

5.6 The Adjoint and Derived Adjoint Matrices

5.7 Construction of the Constituent Solutions

5.8 Numerical Evaluation of the Constituent Solutions

5.9 Expansions in Partial Fractions

PART II : Construction of the Complementary Function and of a Particular Integral

5.10 The Complementary Function

5.11 Construction of a Particular Integral

CHAPTER VI : LINEAR ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS WITH CONSTANT COEFFICIENTS (continued)

PART I : Boundary Problems

6.1 Preliminary Remarks

6.2 Characteristic Numbers

6.3 Notation for One Point Boundary Problems

6.4 Direct Solution of the General One Point Boundary Problem

6.5 Special Solution for Standard One Point Boundary Problems

6.6 Confluent Form of the Special Solution

6.7 Notation and Direct Solution for Two-Point Boundary Problems

PART II : Systems of First Order

6.8 Preliminary Remarks

6.9 Special Solution of the General First-Order System, and its Connection with Heaviside's Method

6.10 Determinantal Equation, Adjoint Matrices, and Modal Columns for the Simple First-Order System

6.11 General, Direct, and Special Solutions of the Simple First-Order System

6.12 Power Series Solution of Simple First-Order Systems

6.13 Power Series Solution of the Simple First-Order System for a Two-Point Boundary Problem

CHAPTER VII : NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS OF LINEAR ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS WITH VARIABLE COEFFICIENTS

7.1 Range of the Chapter

7.2 Existence Theorems and Singularities

7.3 Fundamental Solutions of a Single Linear Homogeneous Equation

7.4 Systems of Simultaneous Linear Differential Equations

7.5 The Peano-Baker Method of Integration

7.6 Various Properties of the Matrizant

7.7 A Continuation Formula

7.8 Solution of the Homogeneous First-Order System of Equations in Power Series

7.9 Collocation and Galerkin's Method

7.10 Examples of Numerical Solution by Collocation and Galerkin's Method

7.11 The Method of Mean Coefficients

7.12 Solution by Mean Coefficients: Example No. 1

7.13 Example No. 2

7.14 Example No. 3

7.15 Example No. 4

CHAPTER VIII : KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS OF SYSTEMS

PART I : Frames of Reference and Kinematics

8.1 Frames of Reference

8.2 Change of Reference Axes in Two Dimensions

8.3 Angular Coordinates of a Three-Dimensional Moving Frame of Reference

8.4 The Orthogonal Matrix of Transformation

8.5 Matrices Representing Finite Rotations of a Frame of Reference

8.6 Matrix of Transformation and Instantaneous Angular Velocities Expressed in Angular Coordinates

8.7 Components of Velocity and Acceleration

8.8 Kinematic Constraint of a Rigid Body

8.9 Systems of Rigid Bodies and Generalised Coordinates

PART II : Statics and Dynamics of Systems

8.10 Virtual Work and the Conditions of Equilibrium

8.11 Conservative and Non-Conservative Fields of Force

8.12 Dynamical Systems

8.13 Equations of Motion of an Aeroplane

8.14 Lagrange's Equations of Motion of a Holonomous System

8.15 Ignoration of Coordinates

8.16 The Generalised Components of Momentum and Hamilton's Equations

8.17 Lagrange's Equations with a Moving Frame of Reference

CHAPTER IX : SYSTEMS WITH LINEAR DYNAMICAL EQUATIONS

9.1 Introductory Remarks

9.2 Disturbed Motions

9.3 Conservative System Disturbed from Equilibrium

9.4 Disturbed Steady Motion of a Conservative System with Ignorable Coordinates

9.5 Small Motions of Systems Subject to Aerodynamical Forces

9.6 Free Disturbed Steady Motion of an Aeroplane

9.7 Review of Notation and Terminology for General Linear Systems

9.8 General Nature of the Constituent Motions

9.9 Modal Columns for a Linear Conservative System

9.10 The Direct Solution for a Linear Conservative System and the Normal Coordinates

9.11 Orthogonal Properties of the Modal Columns and Rayleigh's Principle for Conservative Systems

9.12 Forced Oscillations of Aerodynamical Systems

CHAPTER X : ITERATIVE NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS OF LINEAR DYNAMICAL PROBLEMS

10.1 Introductory

PART I : Systems with Damping Forces Absent

10.2 Remarks on the Underlying Theory

10.3 Example No. 1: Oscillations of a Triple Pendulum

10.4 Example No. 2: Torsional Oscillations of a Uniform Cantilever

10.5 Example No. 3: Torsional Oscillations of a Multi-Cylinder Engine

10.6 Example No. 4: Flexural Oscillations of a Tapered Beam

10.7 Example No. 5: Symmetrical Vibrations of an Annular Membrane

10.8 Example No. 6: A System with Two Equal Frequencies

10.9 Example No. 7: The Static Twist of an Aeroplane Wing under Aerodynamical Load

PART II : Systems with Damping Forces Present

10.10 Preliminary Remarks

10.11 Example: The Oscillations of a Wing in an Airstream

CHAPTER XI : DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS WITH SOLID FRICTION

11.1 Introduction

11.2 The Dynamical Equations

11.3 Various Identities

11.4 Complete Motion when only One Coordinate is Frictionally Constrained

11.5 Illustrative Treatment for Ankylotic Motion

11.6 Steady Oscillations when only One Coordinate is Frictionally Constrained

11.7 Discussion of the Conditions for Steady Oscillations

11.8 Stability of the Steady Oscillations

11.9 A Graphical Method for the Complete Motion of Binary Systems

CHAPTER XII : ILLUSTRATIVE APPLICATIONS OF FRICTION THEORY TO FLUTTER PROBLEMS

12.1 Introductory

PART I : Aeroplane No. 1

12.2 Numerical Data

12.3 Steady Oscillations on Aeroplane No. 1 at V =260. (Rudder Frictionally Constrained)

12.4 Steady Oscillations on Aeroplane No. 1 at Various Speeds. (Rudder Frictionally Constrained)

12.5 Steady Oscillations on Aeroplane No. 1. (Fuselage Frictionally Constrained)

PART II : Aeroplane No. 2

12.6 Numerical Data

12.7 Steady Oscillations on Aeroplane No. 2. (Rudder Frictionally Constrained)

12.8 Steady Oscillations on Aeroplane No. 2. (Fuselage Frictionally Constrained)

12.9 Graphical Investigation of Complete Motion on Aeroplane No. 2 at V = 230. (Rudder Frictionally Constrained)

PART III : Aeroplane No. 3

12.10 Aeroplane No. 3

CHAPTER XIII : PITCHING OSCILLATIONS OF A FRICTIONALLY CONSTRAINED AEROFOIL

13.1 Preliminary Remarks

PART I : The Test System and its Design

13.2 Description of the Aerofoil System

13.3 Data Relating to the Design of the Test System

13.4 Graphical Interpretation of the Criterion for Steady Oscillations

13.5 Alternative Treatment Based on the Use of Inertias as Parameters

13.6 Theoretical Behaviour of the Test System

PART II : Experimental Investigation

13.7 Preliminary Calibrations of the Actual Test System

13.8 Observations of Frictional Oscillations

13.9 Other Oscillations Exhibited by the Test System

List of References

List of Authors Cited

Index

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