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Contents

Contributors

Preface

Chapter 1 The normal child: growth and development of the infant and child; frequent and important normal variants

General remarks on the development of the human body

Skull

Brain

Airways and chest

Neck

Gastrointestinal tract

Kidney and ureters

Urinary bladder and urethra

Uterus and ovaries/testes

Liver and biliary system

Spleen

Pancreas

Endocrine glands

Peripheral skeleton and the pelvis

Spine, spinal canal and myelon

Further reading

Chapter 2 Neonatal imaging

2A SPECTRUM AND SUBDIVISION OF CAUSES OF NEWBORN RESPIRATORY DISTRESS

Systematic evaluation of newborn chest radiographs

Surfactant deficiency disease

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia

Transient tachypnea of the newborn

Persistent pulmonary hypertension, perinatal asphyxia and meconium aspiration

Neonatal pneumonia

Atelectasis and airleak

Pulmonary agenesis and hypoplasia

Bronchopulmonary malformations and other pulmonary masses

Summary

Further reading

2B NEONATAL ABDOMEN

Normal newborn gastrointestinal tract

Necrotizing enterocolitis

Pneumoperitoneum

Neonatal bowel obstruction

High obstruction

Low obstruction

Meconium peritonitis and pseudocyst

Further reading

Chapter 3 Congenital cardiac malformations

Introduction

Left-to-right shunt lesions

Atrial septal defects

Physiology of ASDs

Imaging diagnosis

Natural history of ASDs

Repair of ASDs

Ventricular septal defects

Physiology of VSDs

Imaging diagnosis

Natural history of VSDs

Repair of VSDs

Patent ductus arteriosus

Outline placeholder

Physiology of PDAs

Imaging diagnosis

Natural history of PDAs

Repair of PDAs

Complete common atrioventricular canal defects

Physiology of CAVC

Imaging diagnosis

Natural history of CAVC

Partial anomalous pulmonary venous return

Physiology of PAPVR

Imaging diagnosis

Natural history of PAPVR

Repair of PAPVR

Obstructive lesions

Coarctation of the aorta

Physiology of CoA

Imaging diagnosis

Natural history of CoA

Repair of CoA

Cyanotic congenital heart lesions

Tetralogy of Fallot

Physiology of TOF

Imaging of TOF

Natural history of TOF

Repair of TOF

Truncus arteriosus

Physiology of TA

Imaging of TA

Repair of TA

D-transposition of the great arteries

Physiology of D-TGA

Natural history of D-TGA

Imaging of D-TGA

L-transposition of the great arteries

Natural history of L-TGA

Total anomalous pulmonary venous return

Natural history of TAPVR

Univentricular heart

Natural history of patients with univentricular physiology

Physiology in the single ventricle

Repair of the single ventricle: the Fontan procedure

Rings and slings

Aortic arch abnormalities and pulmonary artery sling

Further reading

Chapter 4 Pediatric trauma

Head trauma

Skull fractures

Epidural hematoma

Subdural hematoma

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Intraparenchymal injury

Cervical spine trauma

Chest trauma

Abdominal trauma

Liver and spleen

Pancreas

Adrenal gland

Genitourinary

Bowel

Lap-belt injury complex

Common pediatric fractures

Non-accidental trauma

Summary

Further reading

Head trauma

Chest trauma

Cervical spine trauma

Abdominal trauma

Fractures

Non-accidental trauma

Chapter 5 Nontraumatic pediatric emergencies

Respiratory system

Croup

Epiglottitis

The wheezing child

Foreign bodies

Reactive airway disease

Airleaks

Gastrointestinal

Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

Volvulus of the stomach

Malrotation and midgut volvulus

Intussusception

Intussusception reduction

Complications

Intestinal hernias

Gastrointestinal bleeding

Foreign-body ingestion

Henoch-Schönlein purpura

Appendicitis

Cholelithiasis

Genitourinary

Acute scrotal pain

Testicular torsion

Torsion of the testicular appendage

Epididymo-orchitis

Renal calculi

Ovarian cysts and torsion of ovary

Hydronephrosis

Vesicoureteric reflux

Posterior urethral valves

Ureteropelvic junction obstruction

Megaureter

Ureterocele

Ectopic ureter

Musculoskeletal

Radiological approach to the child with an acute limp

Transient synovitis

Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease

Slipped capital femoral epiphysis

Further reading

Croup

Acute epiglottitis

Foreign bodies

Airleaks

The wheezing child

Gastrointestinal

Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

Volvulus of the stomach

Malrotation

Intussusception

Intestinal hernias

GIT bleeding

Foreign-body ingestion

Henoch-Schönlein purpura

Appendicitis

Cholelithiasis

Genitourinary imaging: testicular torsion

Renal calculi

Ovarian cysts and ovarian torsion

Hydronephrosis

Musculoskeletal imaging: transient synovitis

Perthes disease

Slipped capital femoral epiphysis

Chapter 6 Infections, inflammations and HIV

Congenital infections

Syphilis

Toxoplasmosis

Other: varicella-zoster virus, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, human immunodeficiency virus

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV)

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCM)

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Rubella

Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

Herpes simplex virus (HSV)

Other central nervous system infections

Meningitis

Tuberculous meningitis

Bacterial cerebritis and brain abscess

Lyme disease

Rocky Mountain spotted fever

Viral infections

Herpes simplex encephalitis

Varicella-zoster encephalitis

Measles encephalitis

Enterovirus infections

Fungal infections

Upper respiratory tract infections

Pharyngitis/tonsillitis

Retropharyngeal cellulitis and abscess

Epiglottitis

Acute laryngotracheobronchitis (croup)

Bacterial tracheitis

Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis

Bronchiolitis and pneumonia

Neonatal pneumonia

Bronchiolitis and viral pneumonia

Bacterial pneumonia

Complications of pneumonia

Parapneumonic effusions

Lung parenchyma complications

Chronic complications of pneumonia

Pulmonary tuberculosis

Pulmonary histoplasmosis

Pulmonary aspergillosis

Gastrointestinal tract infections

Esophageal inflammation

Epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica

Infective esophagitis

Gastritis

Infectious gastritis

Chronic granulomatous disease of childhood

Inflammatory bowel disease

Appendicitis

Pneumatosis intestinalis

Genitourinary tract infections

Urinary tract infections (UTIs)

Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis

Pyonephrosis

Fungal infections

Tuberculosis of the urinary tract

Schistosomiasis

Epididymitis

Musculoskeletal infection and inflammation

Dermatomyositis

Osteomyelitis

Acute osteomyelitis

Chronic osteomyelitis

Discitis and vertebral osteomyelitis

Tuberculous osteomyelitis

Congenital infections

Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis

Septic arthritis

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis

Human immunodeficiency virus

Chest disease

Bacterial pneumonias

Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis

Viral infections

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Gastrointestinal tract disease

Esophagus

Stomach

Duodenum and small intestine

Colon and rectum

Lymph nodes and abdominal cavity

Central nervous system disease

HIV encephalopathy

Cranial calcifications

Malignancies

Cerebrovascular disease

Infections

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy

Toxoplasmosis

Meningitis

Further reading

Congenital CNS infections

Other CNS infections

Upper respiratory tract infections

Bronchiolitis and pneumonia

GIT infections

Genitourinary infections

Musculoskeletal infections

Human immunodeficiency virus

Chapter 7 Pediatric tumors

Introduction

Infratentorial tumors

Medulloblastoma

Ependymoma

Cerebellar astrocytoma

Brainstem glioma

Supratentorial tumors

Hemispheric supratentorial tumors

Astrocytoma

Ependymoma

Less common hemispheric brain tumors

Large, heterogeneous supratentorial mass in an infant or young child

Peripherally located mass in an older child or adolescent

Supratentorial intraventricular mass in a child

Midline supratentorial tumors

Optic pathway/hypothalamic gliomas

Craniopharyngioma

Less common supratentorial midline tumors

Further reading

7B SOLID TUMORS OUTSIDE OF THE CNS

Lymphoma

Differential diagnosis of mediastinal masses in children

Neuroblastoma

Differential diagnosis of adrenal masses in children

Wilms tumor (nephroblastoma)

Differential diagnosis of kidney masses in children

Hepatoblastoma

Differential diagnosis of liver masses in children

Germ cell tumors

Rhabdomyosarcoma

Differential diagnosis of soft tissue masses in children

Bone tumors

Differential diagnosis of bone tumors in children

Further reading

Chapter 8 Ischemia in children

Sickle cell disease a prototype for pediatric ischemia

Ischemia in musculoskeletal tissues

Pulmonary infarct

Splenic ischemia and infarction

Mesenteric ischemia

Torsion, volvulus and herniation

Cerebrovascular disease and ischemic injury

Neonates

Older children

Future directions

Conclusions

Further reading

Chapter 9 Metabolic bone disorders

Rickets

Pathophysiology

Imaging findings

Drug-induced rickets

Hereditary vitamin D-dependent rickets

Hypophosphatemic rickets

Mucopolysaccharidosis

Background

Pathophysiology

Imaging findings

MPS type I

MPS type II

MPS type III

MPS type IV

MPS type VI

MPS type VII

Cushing syndrome and Cushing disease

Background

Pathophysiology

Imaging findings

Gigantism and acromegaly

Background

Pathophysiology

Imaging findings

Oxaluria and oxalosis

Background

Pathophysiology

Imaging findings

Galactosemia

Background

Pathophysiology

Imaging findings

Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

Background

Pathophysiology

Imaging findings

Hyperparathyroidism

Pathophysiology

Pathology

Imaging findings

Imaging of parathyroid adenoma

Secondary hyperparathyroidism

Pathophysiology

Imaging findings

Tertiary hyperparathyroidism

Hypoparathyroidism

Pathophysiology

Imaging findings

Pseudohypoparathyroidism and pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism

Pathophysiology

Hypophosphatasia (HP)

Pathophysiology

Pathology

Imaging findings

Gaucher disease

Pathophysiology

Pathology

Imaging findings

Bone marrow replacement

Focal Gaucher deposits

Extraskeletal imaging findings

Hemochromatosis and hemosiderosis

Pathophysiology

Imaging findings

Scurvy

Pathophysiology

Imaging findings

Signs of healing

Further reading

Chapter 10 Skeletal dysplasias and syndromes

Achondroplasia group

Thanatophoric dysplasia

Classic (heterozygous) achondroplasia

Hypochondroplasia

Achondrogenesis group

Achondrogenesis/hypochondrogenesis

Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita

Diastrophic dysplasia

Metatropic dysplasia

Asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy (Jeune syndrome)

Chondroectodermal dysplasia (Ellis-van Creveld dysplasia)

Pseudoachondroplasia

Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia

Chondrodysplasia punctata (stippled epiphyses)

Rhizomelic type

Conradi-Hünermann or Conradis type

Metaphyseal dysplasias

Jansens type

Schmids type

McKusicks type

Dyschondrosteosis

Cleidocranial dysplasia

Osteodysplasty (Melnick-Needles syndrome)

Osteogenesis imperfecta

Osteopetrosis

Autosomal recessive malignant type

Autosomal dominant type

Autosomal recessive intermediate

Tubular acidosis type

Pyknodysostosis

Diaphyseal dysplasia (Camurati-Engelmann disease)

Craniometaphyseal dysplasia

Pyles dysplasia

Multiple hereditary exostoses

Trevors disease

Enchondromatosis (Olliers disease)

Enchondromatosis with hemangiomas (Maffuccis syndrome)

Metachondromatosis

Hypophosphatasia

Dysostosis multiplex group

Syndromes

Basal cell nevus syndrome

Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome

Cerebrocostomandibular (rib-gap) syndrome

Congenital insensitivity to pain

Currarino triad

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

Epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica

Fanconi anemia

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva

Goldenhar syndrome

Hajdu-Cheney syndrome

Holt-Oram syndrome

Larsen syndrome

Marfan syndrome

Meckel-Gruber syndrome

Nail patella syndrome

Noonan syndrome

Osteolysis syndromes

Poland syndrome

Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome

Shwachman-Diamond syndrome

Thrombocytopenia-absent radius (TAR) syndrome

Trisomy 13 syndrome (Patau syndrome)

Trisomy 18 syndrome (Edwards syndrome)

Trisomy 21 syndrome (Down syndrome)

Turner syndrome

VACTERL association

Williams syndrome

Zellweger syndrome

Further reading

Chapter 11 Transplant imaging in children

Introduction

Pretransplant imaging

Liver transplant

Renal transplant

Bone marrow transplantation

Lung transplant

Cardiac transplant

Small bowel transplant

Post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorder

Further reading

Chapter 12 Iatrogenic devices

CSF shunts

CSF flow dynamics

Types of diversionary shunts

Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunts

Investigation of shunt malfunction (Table 12.3)

Nuclear scintigraphy

Other shunts

Endotracheal tubes (ETTs) and feeding tubes (FTs)

Endotracheal tubes (ETTs)

Feeding tubes (FTs)

Intravenous and intra-arterial catheters

Cardiac devices

Atrial septal defect (ASD)

Ventricular septal defect (VSD)

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

Amplatzer duct occluder (ADO)

Nit-Occlud coils (NOCs) or Nit-Occlud PDA occlusion system

Vascular embolization

Vascular and intracardiac stenting

Orthopedic devices

Trauma and fractures

Deformity correction

Further reading

Chapter 13 Radiation protection in children undergoing medical imaging

Introduction

Biological effects of radiation

Strategies for radioprotection in children

Technical considerations

Radiation protection in radiography

Radiation management for fluoroscopy and angiography

Radiation management in computed tomography

Conclusions

Further reading

General references for pediatric radioprotection

Index