Grammar, Gesture, and Meaning in American Sign Language

Author: Scott K. Liddell  

Publisher: Cambridge University Press‎

Publication year: 2003

E-ISBN: 9780511058837

P-ISBN(Paperback): 9780521816205

Subject: H0 Linguistics

Keyword: 语言学

Language: ENG

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Grammar, Gesture, and Meaning in American Sign Language

Description

In sign languages of the deaf some signs can meaningfully point toward things or can be meaningfully placed in the space ahead of the signer. This obligatory part of fluent grammatical signing has no parallel in vocally produced languages. This book focuses on American Sign Language to examine the grammatical and conceptual purposes served by these directional signs. It guides the reader through ASL grammar, the different categories of directional signs, the types of spatial representations signs are directed toward, how such spatial conceptions can be represented in mental space theory, and the conceptual purposes served by these signs. The book demonstrates a remarkable integration of grammar and gesture in the service of constructing meaning. These results also suggest that our concept of 'language' has been much too narrow and that a more comprehensive look at vocally produced languages will reveal the same integration of gestural, gradient, and symbolic elements.

Chapter

Dual personal pronouns

Personal pronouns with incorporated numerals

Plural personal pronouns

Singular possessive determiners

Plural possessive determiners

SELF-ONLY pronouns

Formal pronouns

Prefixation and sufixation

Aspect

Reduplication

Numerosity

Dual and trial verb forms

Multiple and exhaustive verb forms

Inflection versus derivation

Syntax

Nonmanual signals

Topics and main clauses

Subject pronoun tags 35

Transitivity

Summary and prologue

3 Pronouns and real space

Attempts at discrete morphemic solutions

Gradience

Operating assumptions in the 1970s

Early attempts at a discrete solution to pointing

Subsequent analyses

The inadequacy of morphemic accounts

Mental spaces

Real space

Meaning and semantic space

Theoretical issues

Summary

4 Indicating verbs and real space

Citation forms

Semantic representations

Transitive verbs with… forms

Singular objects

Plural objects

Transitive verbs with… forms

Lexical verb forms with first person landmarks

The lexical status of…and -1 verb forms

Backward verbs

Head rotation and eye gaze

Reciprocal verbs

Intransitive verbs

Entities, locations, and directions

Summary of indicating verb types

Phonological representations

The boundaries of grammar and language

5 Surrogates

Blended mental spaces

Real-space blends

Creating a map

The economy of maps

Signers as part of blends

Constructed action

Constructed dialogue

Surrogates in spoken language discourse

Constructed dialogue

Conceptual shifts

Sequence in the formation of the blend

Real-space blends and the pronoun you

Gestures without blends

Plays and more

Conclusions

6 Directing signs at locations and things

Directing locative signs at locations

Directing locative signs along vectors

Directing non-locative signs at locations

Directing numerical signs at entities

Directing signs to express spatial metaphors

The front and back of the mind

Combining metaphors

Summary

7 Tokens

A simple example

Multiple tokens within a blended space

Changes to tokens

Unusual token placement

Distinct spaces

Entities and settings

Token blends versus surrogate blends

Summary

8 Buoys

List buoys

Directing signs toward list buoys

Manipulating list buoys

The FOUR-WEEK-LIST buoy

The THEME buoy

Fragment buoys

The POINTER buoy

Summary

9 Depicting verbs

Types of depicting verbs

Analytical assumptions

Depicting verbs as lexical items

Depicting presence at a place

Shifting between a depicting space and a surrogate space

Depicting shapes

Depicting actions

Depicting perceived motion

Depiction and metaphor

Simultaneous blends

Simultaneous blends and transitions

Conclusion

10 Five brothers

Five brothers together

The brothers close in age

The distant fifth brother

Together again

The first generation

His own children

Deaf children in the fourth generation

The strong and the weak

Still alive

Skipping a generation

Summary

11 Grammar, gesture, and meaning

Appendix 1 Notational conventions: identifying signs

Appendix 2 Notational conventions: direction and placement

Appendix 3 Main types of spaces discussed

References

General index

Index of illustrated signs

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