Chapter
Other Views of Developmental Stages
Checking the Validity of the Motivational Stage Theory
Contributions of the Personality Tradition
3 Motivation in the Behaviorist Tradition
Thorndike's Studies of Animal Motivation
Hull's Model of How Drives Facilitate Adaptation or Learning
Excitatory Potential in Behavior Theory and the Meaning of the Term Motivation
The Behaviorist Model of Motivation Applied to Humans by Spence and Others
Reinterpreting the Behaviorist Studies of Human Motivation in Terms of What Goes On in People's Minds
Comparison of the Psychoanalytic and Behaviorist Contributions to the Study of Motivation
Limitations of the Behaviorist Model
Part 2: The Nature of Human Motives
4 Emotions as Indicators of Natural Incentives
Early Attempts to Find a Biological Basis for Motives
Sign Stimuli in Ethology as a Basis for Natural Incentives
The Case for Natural Incentives in Humans
Emotions as Indicators of Natural Incentives
Positive Natural Incentives in Infants
Classification of Natural Incentives in Terms of the Primary Emotions
Relation of Emotion to Motivation
5 Natural Incentives and Their Derivatives
How Natural Incentives Influence the Development of the Hunger Motive
Natural Incentives, Emotions, and Motives
The Contact or Sexual Incentives
The Consistency Incentive
Interaction of Incentives
The Role of Cognition in the Development of Incentives
Symbolic Incentives, or Values
6 Measures of Human Motive Dispositions
The Motivational Sequence
Arousing Motives to Detect Their Unique Effects on Behavior
Measuring the Strength of Social Motive Dispositions
Alternative Measures of Motive Strength Evaluated According to the Criteria for Good Measurement
Part 3: Important Motive Systems
Measuring the Need for Achievement
Evidence That the Need for Achievement Score Measures a Motive
What Is the Incentive for the Achievement Motive?
How High Need for Achievement Affects Performance
Other Characteristics of People with a Strong Need to Achieve
Social Consequences of a Strong Need to Achieve
Relationship of the Achievement Motive to the Protestant Ethic and the Rise of Capitalism
Other Influences Affecting the Achievement Motive Early in Life
Measuring the Need for Power
Evidence that the n Power Score Measures a Motive
Outlets of the Need for Power
Role of the Power Motive in Drinking
How Maturity Modulates the Expression of the Power Motive
Controlled and Impulsive Assertiveness in Organizational Behavior
Inhibited Power Motive Syndrome and Susceptibility to Illness
Origins of the Power Motive
9 The Affiliative Motives
Measuring the Sexual Motive in Fantasy
Characteristics of People with a Strong Need for Affiliation
The Affiliative Motives and Health
Origins of the Affiliative Motives
Relationship of Sexuality to Affiliation and Intimacy
Generalized Anxiety as a Motive
Measuring Fear of Failure in Fantasy
Comparison of Measures of Fear of Failure
Origins of the Fear of Failure
Part 4: Contextual Effects on Human Motives
11 Motivational Trends in Society
Analyzing the Reasons for the Growth and Decline of Civilizations
The Collective Concern for Achievement, Entrepreneurship, and Economic Growth
The Collective Concern for Affiliation and Civil Rights
The Collective Concern for Power
Historical Shifts in Collective Motive Levels
Origins of Collective Motivations
Difficulties in Interpreting Motive Trends in Society
12 Cognitive Effects on Motivation
Cognitive Influences on Motive Arousal
Motive-related Cognitions
Cognitions Affecting the Translation of Motivation Into the Impulse to Act
13 How Motives Interact with Values and Skills to Determine What People Do
Drives, Habit Strength, and Incentives as Determinants of Response Strength
Motives, Expectancies of Success, and Values as Determinants of Performance
How the Achievement Motive, Skill, and Achievement Values Affect Performance
How Motives, Skills, and Values Jointly Determine Success as a Naval Officer
Factors Influencing Affiliative Acts and Choices
The Distinction Between Motives and Intents
Applying Expectancy-Value Theory to Improving Academic Performance
Achievement Motivation Training for Entrepreneurs
Achievement Motivation Training in Schools
Origin Training in the Classroom
Power Motivation Training
15 Milestones in the Progress Toward a Scientific Understanding of Human Motivation
Accumulated Knowledge About Three Important Human Motive Systems
Understanding How Motives Combine with Other Characteristics to Determine Action
Some Issues Needing Further Clarification
The Relationship of Progress in Psychology to Its Role in Society
Human Motivation
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