Chapter
PART I: Biomedical perspectives on fertility
2 Reproductive possibilities for infertile couples: present and future
In vitro fertilization (IVF)/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)
Immature sperm conception
Egg donation and surrogacy
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)
Cytoplasmic donation and mitochondrial DNA (mDNA) transfer
3 Genetic influences on human infertility
The prevalence of infertility in humans
Infertility due to maternal–fetal red cell compatibility
Infertility associated with maternal–fetal HLA compatibility
Specific genetic disorders causing primary infertility
Autosomal dominant disorders
Autosomal recessive disorders
Disorders with a currently indeterminate pattern of inheritance
Mutations of mitochondrial DNA
Treatment of individuals with genetically determined infertility
Potential dysgenic consequences of ICSI
Preimplantation diagnosis
Potential problems of inbreeding associated with sperm donation
PART II: Environmental influences on fertility
4 Environmental pollutants and fertility
Persistent organochlorines
The effects of xenobiotics: wildlife studies
The effects of xenobiotics: observations on humans
Decreasing sperm counts in humans
Criticisms of the Danish Study
Comparative studies of sperm density
Studies reporting a decrease in sperm density
Studies reporting no significant changes in sperm density or a slight increase
Regional variation in sperm density
Other male reproductive health problems
Xenoestrogens and female reproductive health
5 From STD epidemics to AIDS: a socio-demographic and epidemiological perspective on sub-Saharan Africa
The social and historical context
The main infertility belt
Primary and secondary sterility
Determinants of sterility
Part III: Social perspectives on infertility
6 Voluntary childlessness: trends and implications
Demographic trends in childlessness in Britain
Lifetime experience of childlessness
Problems with demographic data
Postponing or rejecting parenthood?
Effects of changing behaviour
Low fertility, childlessness and family intentions in an international context: childlessness in other industrialized…
Low fertility and childlessness
Factors associated with childlessness
What role does education play in choosing childlessness?
Is family taking second place to work for women?
Defining voluntary childlessness
Screening for voluntary childlessness
Choosing childlessness: summary of the qualitative study
Background to the analysis of data
The development of core categories
People who are certain that they do not want children
People who are certain now that they do not want children
People who accept childlessness
People who are ambivalent and have never taken a decision about not having or having children
People who feel that the decision not to have children was 'taken for me'
People identified as not voluntarily childless
Partnerships and choosing childlessness
Partnership as the prerequisite for parenting
Discussions and decision-making
Housing as commitment: a structure for childless marriage?
Career versus children? Challenging myths
Work and family timetables
Childless identities and perceptions of parenthood
Parenthood as responsibility, commitment and sacrifice
Demography and social values: some integrative work
Policy implications and conclusions
Concern for future population levels
7 Sexual orientation and fertility
Early estimates of the numbers of lesbian mothers, gay fathers and their children
Recent estimates of the numbers of lesbian mothers, gay fathers and their children
Estimates based on the National Health and Social Life Survey
Infertility in the Modern World
：Present and Future Prospects
( Biosocial Society Symposium Series )
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