Politeness ( Key Topics in Sociolinguistics )

Publication series ：Key Topics in Sociolinguistics

Author： Richard J. Watts

Publisher： Cambridge University Press‎

Publication year： 2003

E-ISBN: 9780511060861

P-ISBN(Paperback): 9780521790857

Subject： H0 Linguistics

Keyword：语言学

Language： ENG

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Politeness

Description

During the fifteen years prior to the first publication of this book, existing models of linguistic politeness generated a huge amount of empirical research. Using a wide range of data from real-life speech situations, this introduction to politeness breaks away from the limitations of those models and argues that the proper object of study in politeness theory must be commonsense notions of what politeness and impoliteness are. From this, Watts argues, a more appropriate model, one based on Bourdieu's concept of social practice, is developed. The book aims to show that the terms 'polite' and 'impolite' can only be properly examined as they are contested discursively. In doing so, 'polite' and 'impolite' utterances inevitably involve their users in a struggle for power. A radically new account of linguistic politeness, the book will appeal to students and researchers in a wide range of disciplines, in linguistics and the social sciences.

Chapter

1 Introducing linguistic politeness

CHARACTERISING POLITE BEHAVIOUR

POLITE AND IMPOLITE BEHAVIOUR

THE DISCURSIVE DISPUTE OVER POLITENESS

POLITENESS AND POLITENESS

THE TERMS ‘POLITE’ AND ‘POLITENESS’

POLITIC BEHAVIOUR, (IM)POLITENESS AND RELATIONAL WORK

THE STRUCTURE OF THE BOOK

2 Politeness through time and across cultures

WHAT IS FIRST-ORDER (IM)POLITENESS?

FIRST-ORDER AND SECOND-ORDER POLITENESS: A REPRISE

THE ETYMOLOGICAL ORIGINS OF THE TERMS ‘POLITE’ AND ‘POLITENESS’

THE HISTORICAL RELATIVITY OF FIRST-ORDER POLITENESS: POLITENESS IN WESTERN EUROPE FROM THE SIXTEENTH TO THE NINETEENTH…

POLITENESS AND THE SOCIAL CLASS SYSTEM: POLITENESS AND ‘STANDARD ENGLISH’

3 Modelling linguistic politeness (I)

THEORISING ABOUT POLITENESS

DEFINITIONS OF SECOND-ORDER POLITENESS

PREPRAGMATIC APPROACHES TO LINGUISTIC POLITENESS

GRICE’S COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLE

POLITENESS AS CONFLICT AVOIDANCE: LAKOFF’S CONVERSATIONAL-MAXIM APPROACH

LEECH’S ‘GRAND ’SCHEME: A MODEL OF GENERAL PRAGMATICS

POLITENESS AS A CULTURALLY CONSTRUCTED CONCEPT

SOCIAL POLITENESS, INTERPERSONAL POLITENESS AND TACT

THE CONVERSATIONAL CONTRACT THEORY OF POLITENESS

DISCERNMENT VS VOLITION: THE JAPANESE NOTION OF WAKIMAE

4 Modelling linguistic politeness (II): Brown and Levinson and their critics

BROWN AND LEVINSON’S THEORY OF POLITENESS: POLITENESS AS THE MINIMISATION OF FACE-LOSS

POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE POLITENESS STRATEGIES

CONTEXTUALISING FACEWORK STRATEGIES

SOCIO-CULTURAL VARIABLES IN BROWN AND LEVINSON’S MODEL

POST-BROWN AND LEVINSON (1987) RESEARCH INTO POLITENESS

CULTURAL RELATIVITY VERSUS UNIVERSALITY OF POLITENESS

CRITICISM OF BROWN AND LEVINSON’S DUALISTIC NOTION OF ‘FACE’

GOFFMAN’S AND BROWN AND LEVINSON’S NOTIONS OF ‘FACE’

REINTERPRETING BROWN AND LEVINSON

WERKHOFER’S CRITICISM OF BROWN AND LEVINSON

5 Facework and linguistic politeness

THE SCOPE OF POLITENESS

THE NOTION OF ‘FACE’

GOFFMAN’S CONCEPT OF FACE

LINES, FACES AND FACEWORK

POLITENESS IN FACEWORK

NON-SUPPORTIVE FACEWORK

6 A social model of politeness

POLITENESS AND MONEY

BOURDIEU’S ‘THEORY OF PRACTICE’

LINGUISTIC RESOURCES AS A FORM OF CAPITAL

THE CONCEPT OF ‘EMERGENT NETWORK’

POLITIC BEHAVIOUR, FACEWORK AND (IM)POLITENESS

(IM)POLITENESS AS AN ASPECT OF THE THEORY OF PRACTICE

RECOGNISING POLITIC AND POLITE BEHAVIOUR

7 Structures of linguistic politeness

FORMULAIC AND SEMI-FORMULAIC EXPRESSIONS OF LINGUISTIC POLITENESS

IDEATIONAL AND INTERPERSONAL MEANING: PROPOSITIONAL AND PROCEDURAL MEANING

GRAMMATICALISATION AND PRAGMATICALISATION

EXPRESSIONS OF PROCEDURAL MEANING

TAXONOMIES OF POLITENESS STRUCTURES

FORMULAIC, RITUALISED EPMs

SEMI-FORMULAIC EPMs: FORMS OF INDIRECTNESS

8 Relevance Theory and concepts of power

POLITENESS AND THE STRUGGLE FOR POWER

THE GRICEAN BASIS OF LAKOFF, LEECH AND BROWN AND LEVINSON

SPERBER AND WILSON’S RELEVANCE THEORY

POWER AND THE EXERCISE OF POWER

9 Politic behaviour and politeness in discourse

INTRODUCTION

CONFRONTATIONAL DISCOURSE

PUBLIC, COOPERATIVE DISCOURSE

CONCLUSION

10 Politic behaviour and politeness within a theory of social practice

EMPIRICAL WORK ON LINGUISTIC POLITENESS

A NEW APPROACH TO AN OLD PROBLEM

POLITIC BEHAVIOUR, FACEWORK AND (IM)POLITENESS REVISITED

THE ‘UNIVERSAL’ NATURE OF THE MODEL AND ITS POSSIBLE PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Notes