Cover

Half-title

Title

Copyright

Dedication

Contents

Contributors

Preface

Acknowledgments

I Introduction

1 Principles and methods of geological particle size analysis*

Introduction

The nature of geological sedimentsamples

Boundaries and methods

Field versus laboratory techniques

Accuracy and precision

Direct sensing of density:

The hydrometer

The pipette method

Optical attenuation:

Photosedimentation ± centrifuge

X-ray attenuation: The SediGraph

Sedimentation of particles througha clear water column

Particle counting

Laser diffraction spectroscopy

Conclusion

REFERENCES

2 The effect of grain shape and density on size measurement

Introduction

Interaction of shape andmeasurement technique

Comparison of shape effects onsieving and settling

Measured differences in sievingand settling

Effect of sieve and settlinganalyses on size distributions

Conclusions

REFERENCES

3 The effect of pretreatment on size analysis

Introduction

Aggregate formation

Estimates of aggregate frequencyof occurrence

Size of aggregates and theirdispersed equivalent

Characteristics of aggregateparticles in the Yukon River

Discussion

Summary

REFERENCES

II Theory and methods

4 Principles, design, and calibration of settling tubes

Introduction

Principles

Settling velocity and grain size

Settling tube technology, accuracy,and precision

Class interval

Sieve diameter versus settlingdiameter

Summary

APPENDIX: BIST-2, A MASS-SENSINGSETTLING TUBE

Glass tube

Collection pan

Introduction system

Balance

Computer and peripherals

Sample preparation

Running a sample

REFERENCES

5 Methodology of sieving small samples and calibration of sieve set

Introduction

Sieving in sets

The influence of sieving time

Reproducibility of sieving fordifferent sample sizes

Discussion

Calibration

The calibration method

An application

APPENDIX: SIEVING PROCEDURE

REFERENCES

6 Image analysis method of grain size measurement

Introduction

Edge-point acquisition

Sampling procedure

Sampling considerations

Number of edge points

Number of grains per sample

Comparison of techniques

Discussion

Blend of quality and speed

Selective sizing

Size descriptor option

Simultaneous size and shape

Narrow size intervals

Small volume samples

Conclusions

REFERENCES

7 Quantitative grain form analysis

Introduction

Grain form and shaperelationships

Sampling

Measures of grain form

Axial ratios

Chart comparators

Behavioural methods

Perimeter angular decompositionby Fourier series and relatedanalysis

Practical use of Fourier radial linemethod

Problems with Fourier methods

Scale estimates of perimeter length

Extension of shape measurefractals into three dimensions

Fractal-Euclidean transitions

Polygonal harmonics

Grain surface textures

New technology in grain formanalysis

Conclusions

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

8 Electroresistance particle size analyzers

Introduction

Operational principle

Coincidence

Electrolyte

Modifications to glassware

Sample materials and preparation

Total suspended sediment

Inorganic suspended sediment

Bed sediments

Analytic procedures

Disaggregation

Screening

Counting

Expression of results

Discussion

REFERENCES

9 Laser diffraction size analysis

Introduction

Principles of laser diffractionsize analysis

Sizing

Inverse theory

Problems with geological samples

Methods and sample analyses

General procedure

Reproducibility of results

Comparison with Coulter Counter:

Amount of clay

Resolution of polymodal standards

Discussion and conclusion

REFERENCES

10 SediGraph technique

Introduction

Operational principle

Theoretical basis of x-ray sensing

Physical description of theSediGraph

Analytical procedure

Assessment of the accuracy andprecision of the results

Concentration effect

Effect of diffusion

Effect of the container wall

Effect of pump/hose size

Effect of the stirring mechanism

X-ray absorption effects

Merging of SediGraph data

Calibration

Conclusions

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

11 Size, shape, composition, and structure of microparticles from light scattering

Introduction

How light scattering occurs

Refractive index

Models of light scattering

Characteristics of scattered light

Light scattering by spheres: Effectsof size and refractive index

Determination of size and refractiveindex of spheres

Small spheres

Large spheres

Light scattering by nonspheres:Effects of shape, structure, andorientation

Characterization of nonsphericaland nonhomogeneous particles

Conclusions

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

12 Textural maturity of arenaceous rocks derived by microscopic grain size analysis in thin section

Introduction

Sorting index

Roundness class

Matrix

Comprehensive textural formula

Application of the comprehensivetextural coefficient

Summary

APPENDIX

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

13 Interlaboratory, interinstrument calibration experiment

Introduction

Grain size and calibrationstandards

Past studies

Individual instruments

ASTM equivalency

IUGS-COS "precision"experiment

Objective

Preparation of standards

Methods

Results

IUGS-COS "accuracy" experiment

Objective

Preparation of the silt standards

Methods

Results

Number frequency distributions

Summary

Appendix: IUGS-COSparticipatinginstruments

Coulter Counter: A resistance pulseanalyzer (RPA)

SediGraph: X-ray attenuation

Malvern laser particle sizer

Image analysis

Galai CIS-1 (computerized inspectionsystem)

Lumosed photosedimentometer

Settling tubes

Sieve analysis

REFERENCES

III In situ methods

REFERENCES

14 In situ size measurements of suspended particles in estuarine and coastal waters using laser diffraction

Introduction

Sources of particles in estuarineand coastal waters

Estuarine and coastal particlecharacteristics

Effects of particle characteristicson transport processes

The need for in situ sizedeterminations

In situ laser diffraction particlesizing

The laser diffraction technique

Application of laser diffraction toestuarine particle sizing

Conclusions

REFERENCES

15 The Floe Camera Assembly

Introduction

Floe Camera Assembly (FCA)design

The camera

Theflash

The computer

The mounting frame

FCA profile configuration

Settling velocity configuration

The data and data reduction

Comparison of FCA data toconventional analysis

Station FCA profile

Size frequency distributions

Settling velocity data

Conclusions

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

IV Data interpretation and manipulation

REFERENCES

16 Suite statistics: The hydrodynamic evolution of the sediment pool

Introduction

Control factors

Air versus water

Grain-grain interactions

Transport directionality

Bivariate plots

Contradictions?

Probability plot

Storm data

Conclusions

REFERENCES

17 The hyperbolic distribution

Introduction

Size distributions

Historical background

The distribution and its parameters

Applications in sedimentology

Graphical approach

Numerical approach

Conclusions

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

18 Factor analysis of size frequency distributions: Significance of factor solutions based on simulation experiments

Introduction

Q-mode factor analysis described

Analytical approach

Summary of simulationexperiments

Implications for real data sets

Summary

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

19 Experimental-theoretical approach to interpretation of grain size frequency distributions

Introduction

Observations on ancient andmodern fluviatile sediments

Flume experiments

Mathematical models

Summary and conclusions

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

LIST OF SYMBOLS

REFERENCES

V Applications

REFERENCES

20 Application of suite statistics to stratigraphy and sea-level changes

Introduction

Modern environments

Cape San Bias

Medano Creek

Florida shelf

Beach Ridge Plain

Ancient environments

Oklahoma

New Mexico

Conclusions

REFERENCES

21 Application of size sequence data to glacial-paraglacial sediment transport and sediment partitioning

Introduction

The sedimentary sequence

Environmental setting

Glacial history

Present climate

Paraglacial sedimentation

Glacial versus paraglacial denudationrates

Field methods

Laboratory methods

Results

Source deposits

Early Holocene till

Early Holocene glaciofluvial sediments

Mid to late Holocene raised deltaicsediments

Temporary transport deposits

Modern alluvial channel sediments

Modern aeolian sediments

Modern prodelta sediments

Ultimate deposits

Modern fjord basin sediments

Trends in sequence size frequencydistributions

Mass balance of prodelta andmarine basin sediments

Suspended sediment mass balance

Bedload sediment mass balance

Temporal changes in megasequencemass balance

Conclusions

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

22 The use of grain sizeinformation in marinegeochemistry*

Introduction

Effects of mineralogy on chemistryof different size classes:Geochemistry of suspended andbottom sediments in a glacialfjord

Textural and geochemical propertiesas provenance indicators: Distalturbidites in the Madeira AbyssalPlain

Carbonate-rich turbidites

Volcanic-rich turbidites

Organic-rich turbidites

Discrimination between detritalcharacteristics and chemicalprocesses: Depositional fadesand diagenesis in a continentalshelf basin

23 Grain size inoceanography

Introduction

Methods

Analysis

Data presentation

Observations

Suspended paniculate matter

Bottom sediment

Floc-grain-settling model

Summary

REFERENCES

24 The need for grain sizeanalyses in marinegeotechnical studies

Marine geotechnique

Grain size variation in marinesettings

Mass sediment properties

Sedimentary fabric

Conclusions

REFERENCES

Index