Cover

Title

Copyright

Dedication

Contents

Acknowledgments

Introduction

Problem-solving

Central Motive States

Functionalism and Evolution

Neonatal and Postnatal Developmental Events

Neuropeptide Gene Expression in the Brain Is Under the Influence of Steroid Hormones

Evolution of the Brain

Diversity and Commonality

Endocrinology and the Neuroscience of Hormones and Behavior

Model Systems in the Neuroscience of Hormones and Behavior

Scope of This Book

1 Hormones, Development, and Sexual Dimorphic Behaviors

Introduction

Stages in Development and Hormonal Influences

Sexually Dimorphic Behaviors: Water, Sodium, and Calcium Ingestion

Sexual Dimorphism in the Brain

Hormonal and Neural Control of Sexual Behaviors

Female Hormones and the Induction of a Sexual Response

Brain Mechanisms for Sexual Responsiveness:Estrogen, Progesterone, and Oxytocin Actions in the Brain

Testosterone and Male Sexual Responses

Gonadal Steroid Regulation of Amphibian Sexual Behavior

Female Hyenas, Androgens, and Dominance

Gonadal Steroids, Vasopressin, and Flank-marking Behaviors

Frogs, Birds, Gonadal Steroids, and Song

Sexual Dimorphism in the Human Brain and Behavior

Conclusion

2 Hormonal Regulation of Sodium and Water Ingestion

Introduction

Sodium Hunger

Angiotensin-induced Water and Sodium Appetite

Sites of Action for Angiotensin-induced Water and Sodium Appetite

Corticosteroid-induced Sodium Appetite

Sites of Action for Corticosteroid-induced Sodium Appetite

Stress-induced (Corticosterone- and Corticotropinreleasing Hormone-induced) Sodium Intake

Anatomic Circuit

Angiotensin- and Corticosteroid-induced Water and Sodium Appetite

Sites of Action of Angiotensin- and Corticosteroidinduced Water and Sodium Appetite

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide and the Inhibition of Water and Sodium Ingestion

Sites of Action for ANP Inhibition of Water and Sodium Appetite

Anatomic Circuit for Sodium Appetite in Response to the Hormones That Regulate Extracellular Fluid and Sodium Balance

Conclusion

3 Hormonal Regulation of Food Selection

Introduction

Behavioral Strategies: Novel-Food Cautiousness

Behavioral Strategies: Self-selection of Diet

Feeding and Feeling

Sensory Influences on Food Selection

Anticipatory Secretion of Insulin: Gustatory and Conditioning Factors

Glucocorticoids and Food Ingestion

Corticosterone and Neuropeptide-Y-induced Food Ingestion

Insulin and Leptin: Functional Roles in the Regulation of Energy Balance

Cholecystokinin-induced Satiation

Neural Function and Hormone-induced Regulation of Food Ingestion

Summary

4 Hormones, Parental Care, and Attachment Behaviors

Introduction

Prolactin, Reproduction, and Parental Care

Oxytocin and Parental Behavior

Vasopressin, Testosterone, and Parental Behavior

Separation, Attachment Behaviors, and Cortisol

Hormonal Influences on Parenting: Getting a Foothold in the World

The Sense of Being Connected or Separated Has Hormonal Consequences for the Offspring

Temperament, Attachment, and Cortisol

Glucocorticoid Effects on the Hippocampus During Development: Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis and Behavior

Social Control of Cortisol Effects on the Hippocampus: Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis and Behavior

Opponent Processes: Arousal and Quiescence,Separation and Attachment

Conclusion

5 Hormonal Regulation of Fear and Stress

Introduction

Hormones and Helplessness

Facilitation of Fear Through Glucocorticoid Action

Anatomic and Functional Studies of the Amygdala and Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis

CRH and Glucocorticoid Brain Regulation

Dual Roles of Glucocorticoids in Regulating CRH

CRH and Fear

Corticosterone and Conditioned Freezing

CRH, Corticosterone, and the Startle Response

CRH, Corticosterone, and Adversity

Glucocorticoid-CRH Immune Interactions

Central Sites and Fear

The Human Condition

Summary

6 Hormones, Behavior, and Biological Clocks

Introduction

Predictive versus Reactive Homeostasis

The Circadian Clock

Anatomy of the Circadian Clock

Melatonin and Biological Clocks

Rhythmicity and Prolactin

Prolactin's Activity and Rapid-Eye-Movement (REM) Sleep

Glucocorticoids, Neuropeptides, Rhythms, and Ingestive Behavior

A 4-Day Clock in Rodents: The Estrous Cycle

Estrogen, Running, and Behavior

Estrogen, Cyclic Variation, Brain Function,and Behavior

Monthly Clocks: The Menstrual Cycle in Humans

Seasonal Clocks: Photoperiods, Hormones,and Behavior

Seasons and Sexual Behavior

Ingestion

Seasonal Changes in Hormones and Dominance Behavior

Hormones and Hibernation

Seasonal Changes in Neural Plasticity Reflect Hormonal Effects on Brain and Behavior

Central States, Hormones, and Seasonal Sadness

Conclusion

Conclusion

References

Name Index

Subject Index